{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:08:02Z","timestamp":1780448882473,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T08:05:41Z","timestamp":1762416341000},"page":"130307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A large language model-based chatbot system framework for urban planners"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"300","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4655-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8643-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeonghwa","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4417-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Chapple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0001","series-title":"The opportunities and challenges of ChatGPT in education","first-page":"1","author":"Adeshola","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0002","unstructured":"Meta AI, (2024). Llama 3.2: A multimodal language model. Accessed: 2025-01-18, https:\/\/huggingface.co\/meta-llama\/Llama-3.2-3B."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2023.05.016","article-title":"The emergent role of artificial intelligence, natural learning processing, and large language models in higher education and research","volume":"19","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0004","series-title":"The costs of housing regulation: Evidence from generative regulatory measurement","author":"Bartik","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-010-0111-3","article-title":"Adaptive urban governance: New challenges for the second generation of urban adaptation strategies to climate change","volume":"5","author":"Birkmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sustainability Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0006","series-title":"New challenges for adaptive urban governance in highly dynamic environments: Revisiting planning systems and tools for adaptive and strategic planning. Urban Climate","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Birkmann","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0007","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00370-1","article-title":"The future landscape of large language models in medicine","volume":"3","author":"Clusmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Communications Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(72)90049-5","article-title":"Turing-like indistinguishability tests for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes","volume":"3","author":"Colby","year":"1972","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0010","series-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd international acm sigir conference on research and development in information retrieval","first-page":"12408211","article-title":"Reciprocal rank fusion outperforms condorcet and individual rank learning methods","author":"Cormack","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0011","article-title":"Structural preconditions for adaptive urban areas: framework rules, several property and the range of possible actions","volume":"130","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0012","series-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Devlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0013","unstructured":"Fakharany N. (2023). Adaptive urban regulations: Navigating change in affordable housing, infrastructure, and sustainability in the U.S."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0014","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics","first-page":"2","article-title":"Wordnet and wordnets","author":"Fellbaum","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00fctterer T., Fischer C., Alekseeva A., Chen X., Tate T., Warschauer M., & Gerjets P. (2023). ChatGPT in education: global reactions to AI innovations, 13, 1\u201314. 10.1038\/s41598-023-42227-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42227-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0016","unstructured":"Github copilot. (2025). https:\/\/github.com\/features\/copilot (n.d.)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.01.008","article-title":"The adaptive efficiency of land use planning measured by the control of urban sprawl. the cases of the netherlands, belgium and poland","volume":"29","author":"Halleux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0018","series-title":"ChromaDB: the AI-native open-source embedding database","author":"Handy","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.10.004","article-title":"Landscape conservation through residential subdivision bylaws: Explanations for local adoption","volume":"121","author":"Hawkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0020","unstructured":"Honnibal M., & Montani I. (2017). spaCy 2: Natural language understanding with Bloom embeddings, convolutional neural networks and incremental parsing. Accessed: 2025-01-18. https:\/\/sentometrics-research.com\/publication\/72\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0021","unstructured":"Kaplan J., Mccandlish S., Henighan T., Brown T.B., Chess B., Child R., Gray S., Radford A., Wu J., & Amodei D. (2020). Scaling laws for neural language models. Technical Report arXiv: 2001.08361."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0022","series-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","first-page":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0023","unstructured":"Kolesnikov A., Dosovitskiy A., Weissenborn D., Heigold G., Uszkoreit J., Beyer L., Minderer M., Dehghani M., Houlsby N., Gelly S., Unterthiner T., & Zhai X. (2021). An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0024","series-title":"2016 4th international conference on cyber and it service management","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cosine similarity to determine similarity measure: Study case in online essay assessment","author":"Lahitani","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the 34th international conference on neural information processing systems, nips \u201920red hook, NY, USA","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks","author":"Lewis","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0026","series-title":"Introducing ChatGPT","author":"Openai","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0027","author":"Openai","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0028","unstructured":"OpenAI (2024a). Hello gpt-4o. Accessed: 2025-01-18, https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/hello-gpt-4o\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0029","series-title":"text-embedding-3-large: Openai\u2019s large text embedding model","author":"Openai","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0030","unstructured":"Radford A., Narasimhan K., Salimans T., & Sutskever I. (2018). Improving language understanding by generative pre-training. https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/research-covers\/language-unsupervised\/language_understanding_paper.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0031","unstructured":"Richardson L. (2007). Beautiful soup documentation. https:\/\/tedboy.github.io\/bs4_doc\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000019","article-title":"The probabilistic relevance framework: Bm25 and beyond","volume":"3","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends\u00aein Information Retrieval"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0033","unstructured":"Shinyama Y. (2019). Pdfminer: A. https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/pdfminer\/.Version."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1700826","article-title":"From eliza to xiaoice: Challenges and opportunities with social chatbots","volume":"19","author":"Shum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0035","series-title":"Efficient transformers: A survey","first-page":"55","author":"Tay","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8","article-title":"Large language models in medicine","volume":"29","author":"Thirunavukarasu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0037","unstructured":"Vaswani A., Shazeer N., Parmar N., Uszkoreit J., Jones L., Gomez A.N., Kaiser L., & Polosukhin I. (2017). Attention is all you need. arxiv.org\/abs\/1706.03762."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0038","series-title":"Parsing the turing test London","first-page":"181","article-title":"The anatomy of a.l.i.c.e","author":"Wallace","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang N., Yang H., & Wang C.D. (2023). FinGPT: Instruction tuning benchmark for open-source large language models in financial datasets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.04793.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4489826"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/365153.365168","article-title":"Eliza-a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine","volume":"9","author":"Weizenbaum","year":"1966","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0041","unstructured":"Wu S., Irsoy O., Lu S., Dabravolski V., Dredze M., Gehrmann S., Kambadur P., Rosenberg D., & Mann G. (2023). BloombergGPT: A large language model for finance. arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.17564."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2025.102332","article-title":"Urban planning in the age of large language models: Assessing openai o1\u2019s performance and capabilities across 556 tasks","volume":"121","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Y., Liu L., Lin Y., Feng J., Zhang G., Jin D., & Li Y. (2025). Urbanplanbench: A comprehensive urban planning benchmark for evaluating large language models. arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.21027.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6551071\/v1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307_bib0044","series-title":"Can large language models transform computational social science? Computational linguistics","volume":"vol. 50","author":"Ziems","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425039223?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425039223?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T19:55:13Z","timestamp":1767210913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417425039223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0957417425039223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A large language model-based chatbot system framework for urban planners","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130307","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"130307"}}