{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T03:46:31Z","timestamp":1773891991688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3305700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T22:02:17Z","timestamp":1763762537000},"page":"130473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["PARKA: Path-aware knowledge retrieval and structural-semantic knowledge adaptation for knowledge-based question answering"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"301","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1943-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenlong","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4850-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiheng","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1777-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5372-9775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111332","article-title":"Enhancing textual textbook question answering with large language models and retrieval augmented generation","volume":"162","author":"Alawwad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0002","article-title":"Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data","volume":"26","author":"Bordes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120383","article-title":"Sparql-qa-v2 system for knowledge base question answering","volume":"229","author":"Borroto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0004","series-title":"Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing: System demonstrations","first-page":"325","article-title":"Retrack: A flexible and efficient framework for knowledge base question answering","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117725","article-title":"A hereditary attentive template-based approach for complex knowledge base question answering systems","volume":"205","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0006","series-title":"Proceedings of the 29th international conference on computational linguistics","first-page":"1718","article-title":"ArcaneQA: Dynamic program induction and contextualized encoding for knowledge base question answering","author":"Gu","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2638425","article-title":"Sse: Semantically smooth embedding for knowledge graphs","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0008","series-title":"Proceedings of the twelfth ACM international conference on web search and data mining","first-page":"105","article-title":"Knowledge graph embedding based question answering","author":"Huang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0009","series-title":"2024 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies","first-page":"7036","article-title":"Adaptive-RAG: Learning to adapt retrieval-augmented large language models through question complexity","author":"Jeong","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730","article-title":"Survey of hallucination in natural language generation","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0011","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks","volume":"33","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0012","series-title":"Proceedings of the 61st annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (volume 1: Long papers)","first-page":"6966","article-title":"Few-shot in-context learning on knowledge base question answering","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0013","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","first-page":"18608","article-title":"Flexkbqa: A flexible llm-powered framework for few-shot knowledge base question answering","volume":"vol. 38","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0014","series-title":"Findings of the association for computational linguistics: ACL 2024","first-page":"2039","article-title":"ChatKBQA: A generate-then-retrieve framework for knowledge base question answering with fine-tuned large language models","author":"Luo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0015","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","first-page":"6417","article-title":"Weakly-supervised visual-retriever-reader for knowledge-based question answering","author":"Luo","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0016","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","first-page":"18833","article-title":"Code-style in-context learning for knowledge-based question answering","volume":"vol. 38","author":"Nie","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0017","unstructured":"Peng, R., Liu, K., Yang, P., Yuan, Z., & Li, S. (2023). Embedding-based retrieval with llm for effective agriculture information extracting from unstructured data.arXiv preprint arXiv: 2308.03107."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0018","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th international conference on web search and data mining","first-page":"474","article-title":"Stepwise reasoning for multi-relation question answering over knowledge graph with weak supervision","author":"Qiu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0019","series-title":"International conference on machine learning","first-page":"8959","article-title":"Lego: Latent execution-guided reasoning for multi-hop question answering on knowledge graphs","author":"Ren","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics","first-page":"4498","article-title":"Improving multi-hop question answering over knowledge graphs using knowledge base embeddings","author":"Saxena","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0021","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","first-page":"4149","article-title":"Transfernet: An effective and transparent framework for multi-hop question answering over relation graph","author":"Shi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0022","first-page":"34188","article-title":"Llm-check: Investigating detection of hallucinations in large language models","volume":"37","author":"Sriramanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0023","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","first-page":"4231","article-title":"Open domain question answering using early fusion of knowledge bases and text","author":"Sun","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0024","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","first-page":"8952","article-title":"Sparqa: Skeleton-based semantic parsing for complex questions over knowledge bases","volume":"vol. 34","author":"Sun","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0025","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Deng, Z.-H., Nie, J.-Y., & Tang, J. (2019). Rotate: Knowledge graph embedding by relational rotation in complex space. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1902.10197."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0026","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies, volume 1 (long papers)","first-page":"641","article-title":"The web as a knowledge-base for answering complex questions","author":"Talmor","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0027","unstructured":"Taori, R., Gulrajani, I., Zhang, T., Dubois, Y., Li, X., Guestrin, C., Liang, P., & Hashimoto, T. B. (2023). Stanford alpaca: An instruction-following llama model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0028","unstructured":"Tonmoy, S. M., Zaman, S. M., Jain, V., Rani, A., Rawte, V., Chadha, A., & Das, A. (2024). A comprehensive survey of hallucination mitigation techniques in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2401.01313."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0029","unstructured":"Touvron, H., Martin, L., Stone, K., Albert, P., Almahairi, A., Babaei, Y., Bashlykov, N., Batra, S., Bhargava, P., Bhosale, S. et al. (2023). Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2307.09288."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0030","series-title":"International conference on machine learning","first-page":"2071","article-title":"Complex embeddings for simple link prediction","author":"Trouillon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Duan, F., Wang, S., Li, P., Xian, Y., Yin, C., Rong, W., & Xiong, Z. (2023). Knowledge-driven cot: Exploring faithful reasoning in llms for knowledge-intensive question answering. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2308.13259.","DOI":"10.18293\/SEKE2023-023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0032","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","first-page":"17716","article-title":"Searching for best practices in retrieval-augmented generation","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0033","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies","first-page":"4007","article-title":"A new concept of knowledge based question answering (KBQA) system for multi-hop reasoning","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0034","first-page":"1","article-title":"Harnessing the power of llms in practice: A survey on chatgpt and beyond","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (volume 1: Long papers)","first-page":"6032","article-title":"Rng-kbqa: Generation augmented iterative ranking for knowledge base question answering","author":"Ye","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the 54th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (volume 2: Short papers)","first-page":"201","article-title":"The value of semantic parse labeling for knowledge base question answering","author":"Yih","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0037","series-title":"The eleventh international conference on learning representations","article-title":"DecAF: Joint decoding of answers and logical forms for question answering over knowledge bases","author":"Yu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0038","series-title":"Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (volume 1: Long papers)","first-page":"5773","article-title":"Subgraph retrieval enhanced model for multi-hop knowledge base question answering","author":"Zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, P., Zhang, H., Yu, Q., Wang, Z., Geng, Y., Fu, F., Yang, L., Zhang, W., & Cui, B. (2024). Retrieval-augmented generation for ai-generated content: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2402.19473.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7587-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473_bib0040","first-page":"50117","article-title":"Toolqa: A dataset for llm question answering with external tools","volume":"36","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425040886?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425040886?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:07:03Z","timestamp":1773882423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417425040886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0957417425040886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PARKA: Path-aware knowledge retrieval and structural-semantic knowledge adaptation for knowledge-based question answering","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130473","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"130473"}}