{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:54:45Z","timestamp":1774947285957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62363005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62363005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T20:18:35Z","timestamp":1767730715000},"page":"130986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adaptive multi-objective constraint-handling method for zinc hydrometallurgical purification process utilizing differential evolution"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0473-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2014.08.001","article-title":"Review of the hydrometallurgical processing of non-sulfide zinc ores","volume":"149","author":"Abkhoshk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2005.853285","article-title":"Penalty function approach in heuristic algorithms for constrained redundancy reliability optimization","volume":"54","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.947","article-title":"Handling constraints using multiobjective optimization concepts","volume":"59","author":"Aguirre","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Jabouri, H., Saif, A., Diallo, C., & Khatab, A. (2024). Distributionally-robust chance-constrained optimization of selective maintenance under uncertain repair duration. (vol. 239).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122303"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-386X(03)00002-1","article-title":"Foaming behavior of surfactants for acid mist control in zinc electrolysis processes","volume":"69","author":"Alfantazi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10589-012-9498-3","article-title":"A penalty function-based differential evolution algorithm for constrained global optimization","volume":"54","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computational Optimization and Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1137\/130910312","article-title":"Chance-constrained optimal power flow: Risk-aware network control under uncertainty","volume":"56","author":"Bienstock","year":"2014","journal-title":"SIAM Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0008","series-title":"Mathematical analysis: An introduction","author":"Browder","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1021\/i300010a020","article-title":"The alkaline electrolytic process for zinc production: A critical evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/03052150008941301","article-title":"Treating constraints as objectives for single-objective evolutionary optimization","volume":"32","author":"Coello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Engineering Optimization"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2010.2059031","article-title":"Differential evolution: A survey of the state-of-the-art","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/08827500490441341","article-title":"Innovative hydrometallurgical processes for the primary processing of zinc","volume":"25","author":"Filippou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.05.005","article-title":"Data-driven decision making in power systems with probabilistic guarantees: Theory and applications of chance-constrained optimization","volume":"47","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Reviews in Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(88)90003-9","article-title":"Control parametrization: A unified approach to optimal control problems with general constraints","volume":"24","author":"Goh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09906-6","article-title":"Performance assessment of the metaheuristic optimization algorithms: An exhaustive review","volume":"54","author":"Halim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2010.01.010","article-title":"Hydrometallurgical process development for the production of a zinc sulphate liquor suitable for electrowinning","volume":"23","author":"Herrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerals Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-024-10168-6","article-title":"Metaheuristics for solving global and engineering optimization problems: Review, applications, open issues and challenges","volume":"31","author":"Houssein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0019","series-title":"Constrained evolutionary optimization based on reinforcement learning using the objective function and constraints. Knowledge-Based Systems","volume":"237","author":"Hu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.05.015","article-title":"An efficient constrained global optimization algorithm with a clustering-assisted multiobjective infill criterion using gaussian process regression for expensive problems","volume":"569","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2020.100693","article-title":"A test-suite of non-convex constrained optimization problems from the real-world and some baseline results","volume":"56","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2010.04.005","article-title":"Copper removal by chelating adsorption in solution purification of hydrometallurgical zinc production","volume":"104","author":"Laatikainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-022-09782-9","article-title":"Constraint handling techniques for metaheuristics: A state-of-the-art review and new variants","volume":"24","author":"Lagaros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optimization and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0024","series-title":"Differential evolution with an adaptive penalty coefficient mechanism and a search history exploitation mechanism","volume":"230","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2024.124413","article-title":"Local search-based anytime algorithms for continuous distributed constraint optimization problems","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.111172","article-title":"Dynamic \u03b5-multilevel hierarchy constraint optimization with adaptive boundary constraint handling technology","volume":"152","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.05.021","article-title":"A hybrid approach to constrained global optimization","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2943973","article-title":"A new fitness function with two rankings for evolutionary constrained multiobjective optimization","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2009.2033582","article-title":"Ensemble of constraint handling techniques","volume":"14","author":"Mallipeddi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2011.10.001","article-title":"Constraint-handling in nature-inspired numerical optimization: Past, present and future","volume":"1","author":"Mezura-Montes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116895","article-title":"Dmde: Diversity-maintained multi-trial vector differential evolution algorithm for non-decomposition large-scale global optimization","volume":"198","author":"Nadimi-Shahraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2022.3197072","article-title":"Trajectory optimization of chance-constrained nonlinear stochastic systems for motion planning under uncertainty","volume":"39","author":"Nakka","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBIC.2011.043607","article-title":"\u03f5 Constrained differential evolution for economic dispatch with valve-point effect","volume":"3","author":"Noman","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0034","article-title":"Differential evolution: A review of more than two decades of research","volume":"90","author":"Pant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118660","article-title":"Evolutionary constrained optimization with hybrid constraint-handling technique","volume":"211","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2011.2161873","article-title":"Differential evolution with neighborhood mutation for multimodal optimization","volume":"16","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-022-09859-9","article-title":"A review on constraint handling techniques for population-based algorithms: From single-objective to multi-objective optimization","volume":"30","author":"Rahimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0038","series-title":"Interpretable dynamic modelling and prediction of free acid in zinc leaching process","author":"Rajput","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10470-y","article-title":"An exhaustive review of the metaheuristic algorithms for search and optimization: Taxonomy, applications, and open challenges","volume":"56","author":"Rajwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-022-00500-4","article-title":"A review on the removal of magnesium and fluoride in zinc hydrometallurgy","volume":"8","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-386X(94)00054-7","article-title":"Technological innovation in the zinc electrolyte purification process of a hydrometallurgical zinc plant through reduction in zinc dust consumption","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008202821328","article-title":"Differential evolution-a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces","volume":"11","author":"Storn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Global Optimization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.128054","article-title":"An adaptive differential evolution algorithm based on individual-level intervention strategy for global optimization","volume":"286","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178420","article-title":"Predicting cobalt ion concentration in hydrometallurgy zinc process using data decomposition and machine learning","volume":"962","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0045","series-title":"An introduction to probability and mathematical statistics","author":"Tucker","year":"1962"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-023-09975-0","article-title":"A literature review and critical analysis of metaheuristics recently developed","volume":"31","author":"Velasco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2876335","article-title":"Decomposition-based multiobjective optimization for constrained evolutionary optimization","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0048","series-title":"Bi-stage learning differential evolution for multimodal optimization problems","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2020.100023","article-title":"Comprehensive recovery and recycle of jarosite residues from zinc hydrometallurgy","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.135392","article-title":"Biomass gasification modeling based on physics-informed neural network with constrained particle swarm optimization","volume":"320","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2021.3110130","article-title":"A voting-mechanism-based ensemble framework for constraint handling techniques","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.108090","article-title":"Numerical algorithm for optimal control of switched systems and its application in cancer chemotherapy","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0053","series-title":"A differential evolution algorithm with diversity dynamic adjustment and two-phase constraint handling strategy for solving a pension fund investment problem under market uncertainty","volume":"172","author":"Wu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0054","article-title":"A probability constrained dynamic switching optimization method for the energy dispatch strategy of hybrid power systems with renewable energy resources and uncertainty","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.105024","article-title":"Chance constrained dynamic optimization approach for single machine scheduling involving flexible maintenance, production, and uncertainty","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11075-022-01425-5","article-title":"A limited-memory bfgs-based differential evolution algorithm for optimal control of nonlinear systems with mixed control variables and probability constraints","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Numerical Algorithms"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2016.1245451","article-title":"Computational method for optimal machine scheduling problem with maintenance and production","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10326","DOI":"10.1002\/rnc.6362","article-title":"Optimal control of nonlinear systems with integer-valued control inputs and stochastic constraints","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.01.014","article-title":"Differential evolution with adaptive trial vector generation strategy and cluster-replacement-based feasibility rule for constrained optimization","volume":"435","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.131266","article-title":"A feasible strategy for the multi-stage separation of valuable metals from zinc hydrometallurgy leaching solution","volume":"360","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Separation and Purification Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106104","article-title":"A constrained multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition and dynamic constraint-handling mechanism","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-020-01565-2","article-title":"\u03f5 Constrained differential evolution using halfspace partition for optimization problems","volume":"32","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.3010120","article-title":"\u03f5-Constrained differential evolution using an adaptive \u03f5-level control method","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-386X(00)00079-7","article-title":"Production of zn powder by alkaline treatment of smithsonite zn-pb ores","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.2514\/1.G002551","article-title":"Split-bernstein approach to chance-constrained optimal control","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129528","article-title":"Adaptive social mobility-restructuring differential evolution for global optimization","volume":"297","author":"Zhuo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425046019?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425046019?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:19:56Z","timestamp":1774441196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417425046019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S0957417425046019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adaptive multi-objective constraint-handling method for zinc hydrometallurgical purification process utilizing differential evolution","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130986","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"130986"}}