{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:05:03Z","timestamp":1784898303234,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F53C2200074007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53C2200074007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:48:03Z","timestamp":1771573683000},"page":"131761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Robust deepfake detection in compressed videos with scalable network strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Perelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1196-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Micheletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8114-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Concas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Puglisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8719-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian","family":"Luca Marcialis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0001","series-title":"Unmasking deepfakes: A systematic review of deepfake detection and generation techniques using artificial intelligence","first-page":"124260","volume":"252","author":"Abbas","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0189-z","article-title":"Redefine statistical significance","volume":"2","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77110","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3191790","article-title":"Artificial intelligence crime: An overview of malicious use and abuse of AI","volume":"10","author":"Blauth","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0004","series-title":"2020 IEEE international workshop on information forensics and security (WIFS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Training strategies and data augmentations in CNN-based deepfake video detection","author":"Bondi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018054314350","article-title":"Bagging predictors","volume":"24","author":"Breiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0006","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"4103","article-title":"End-to-end reconstruction-classification learning for face forgery detection","author":"Cao","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9922","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3253390","article-title":"Jointly defending deepfake manipulation and adversarial attack using decoy mechanism","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i2.16193","article-title":"Local relation learning for face forgery detection","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0009","series-title":"Compressed Deepfake Video Detection Based on 3D Spatiotemporal Trajectories","author":"Chen","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0010","series-title":"Low quality deepfake detection via unseen artifacts","first-page":"1","author":"Chhabra","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0011","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Xception: Deep learning with depthwise separable convolutions","author":"Chollet","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets","volume":"7","author":"Dem\u0161ar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research : JMLR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0013","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy, A., Beyer, L., Kolesnikov, A., Weissenborn, D., Zhai, X., Unterthiner, T., Dehghani, M., Minderer, M., Heigold, G., Gelly, S., et al. (2020). An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv: 2010.11929."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron, B. (1992). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife, In Breakthroughs in statistics: Methodology and distribution. Springer, 569\u2013593.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_41"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123732","article-title":"Deepfake detection based on high-frequency enhancement network for highly compressed content","volume":"249","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0016","series-title":"Proceedings of the thirteenth international conference on artificial intelligence and statistics","first-page":"249","article-title":"Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks","author":"Glorot","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0017","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8100263","article-title":"The face deepfake detection challenge","volume":"8","author":"Guarnera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0019","series-title":"Deepfake detection using deep learning methods: A systematic and comprehensive review","first-page":"e1520","volume":"14","author":"Heidari","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Searching for mobilenetv3","author":"Howard","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0021","series-title":"2022 5th international conference on signal processing and information security (ICSPIS)","first-page":"11","article-title":"Detection of compressed deepfake video drawbacks and technical developments","author":"Humidan","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0022","series-title":"The simple difference formula: An approach to teaching nonparametric correlation","volume":"3","author":"Kerby","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.3390\/app12062953","article-title":"DFDT: An end-to-end deepfake detection framework using vision transformer","volume":"12","author":"Khormali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12778-3","article-title":"Light-weight 3D CNN for deepfakes, faceswap and face2face facial forgery detection","volume":"81","author":"Kohli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0025","series-title":"International conference on machine learning","first-page":"3519","article-title":"Similarity of neural network representations revisited","author":"Kornblith","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0026","series-title":"Pixel bleach network for detecting face forgery under compression","first-page":"1","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0027","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"6454","article-title":"Frequency-aware discriminative feature learning supervised by single-center loss for face forgery detection","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0028","unstructured":"Li, L., Bao, J., Yang, H., Chen, D., & Wen, F., (2019). FaceShifter: Towards high fidelity and occlusion aware face swapping. Technical ReportarXiv: 1912.13457."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120646","article-title":"Exposing low-quality deepfake videos of social network service using spatial restored detection framework","volume":"231","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"3207","article-title":"Celeb-DF: A large-scale challenging dataset for deepfake forensics","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0031","series-title":"IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for video technology","article-title":"FAMM: Facial muscle motions for detecting compressed deepfake videos over social networks","author":"Liao","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0032","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"772","article-title":"Spatial-phase shallow learning: Rethinking face forgery detection in frequency domain","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2019.2910119","article-title":"Image and video compression with neural networks: A review","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging7080140","article-title":"Identification of social-media platform of videos through the use of shared features","volume":"7","author":"Maiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, C., Chu, Q., Li, W., Gong, T., Zhuang, W., & Yu, N. (2021). Towards generalizable and robust face manipulation detection via bag-of-local-feature. arXiv: 2103.07915.","DOI":"10.1109\/VCIP53242.2021.9675331"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0036","series-title":"2020 IEEE international symposium on smart electronic systems (ISES) (Formerly INIS)","first-page":"91","article-title":"A novel machine learning based method for deepfake video detection in social media","author":"Mitra","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0037","series-title":"A survey on the detection and impacts of deepfakes in visual, audio, and textual formats","author":"Mubarak","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0038","series-title":"Computer vision - eccv 2020","first-page":"86","article-title":"Thinking in frequency: Face forgery detection by mining frequency-aware clues","author":"Qian","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1108\/JFC-04-2022-0090","article-title":"The unethical use of deepfakes","volume":"30","author":"Rancourt-Raymond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Crime"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0040","series-title":"Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf international conference on computer vision","first-page":"1","article-title":"FaceForensics++: Learning to detect manipulated facial images","author":"Rossler","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/76.554415","article-title":"The mpeg-4 video standard verification model","volume":"7","author":"Sikora","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0042","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0043","series-title":"An information theoretic approach for attention-driven face forgery detection","author":"Sun","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0044","series-title":"International conference on machine learning","first-page":"10096","article-title":"EfficientNetv: Smaller models and faster training","volume":"2","author":"Tan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0045","unstructured":"Tarekegn, A. N., Ullah, M., & Cheikh, F. A. (2024). Deep learning for multi-label learning: A comprehensive survey. arXiv: 2401.16549."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3323035","article-title":"Deferred neural rendering: Image synthesis using neural textures","volume":"38","author":"Thies","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0047","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"2387","article-title":"Face2face: Real-time face capture and reenactment of rgb videos","author":"Thies","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0048","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"6450","article-title":"A closer look at spatiotemporal convolutions for action recognition","author":"Tran","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0049","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"8695","article-title":"CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot...for now","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.815165","article-title":"Overview of the h. 264\/AVC video coding standard","volume":"13","author":"Wiegand","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/3001968","article-title":"Individual comparisons by ranking methods","volume":"1","author":"Wilcoxon","year":"1945","journal-title":"Biometrics Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.08.800","article-title":"Classifiers selection for ensemble learning based on accuracy and diversity","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3249566","article-title":"Masked relation learning for deepfake detection","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2765830","article-title":"Multi-task convolutional neural network for pose-invariant face recognition","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0055","series-title":"2021 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo (ICME)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deepfake videos detection using self-supervised decoupling network","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2021.3070203","article-title":"A survey on multi-task learning","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0057","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"2185","article-title":"Multi-attentional deepfake detection","author":"Zhao","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0058","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF winter conference on applications of computer vision (WACV)","first-page":"4591","article-title":"Proactive deepfake defence via identity watermarking","author":"Zhao","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761_bib0059","series-title":"2020 IEEE 3rd international conference of safe production and informatization (IICSPI)","first-page":"391","article-title":"Detecting deepfake videos via frame serialization learning","author":"Zhou","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426006743?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426006743?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:39:56Z","timestamp":1784896796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417426006743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0957417426006743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Robust deepfake detection in compressed videos with scalable network strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.131761","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"131761"}}