{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T21:51:44Z","timestamp":1776462704656,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00208884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00208884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-23963510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-23963510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T01:04:59Z","timestamp":1775783099000},"page":"132358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["CenterIR: An imbalance-aware deep regression framework for EEG-based depression severity estimation in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"323","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4931-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3252-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yerim","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7731-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9053-6580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woohee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8666-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1079-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roneel V.","family":"Sharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungsoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4261-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127271","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3329678","article-title":"Deep learning in EEG-based BCIs: A comprehensive review of transformer models, advantages, challenges, and applications","volume":"11","author":"Abibullaev","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.01.004","article-title":"Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients","volume":"57","author":"Bae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106051","article-title":"MGSN: Depression EEG lightweight detection based on multiscale DGCN and SNN for multichannel topology","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112 (1)","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0005","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/11.3.260","article-title":"Screening, detection and management of depression in elderly primary care attenders. I: The acceptability and performance of the 15 item geriatric depression scale (GDS15) and the development of short versions","volume":"11","author":"D\u2019ATH","year":"1994","journal-title":"Family Practice"},{"issue":"Nov","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0007","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"van der","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10381","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3552603","article-title":"EmT: A novel transformer for generalized cross-subject EEG emotion recognition","volume":"36","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51506.x","article-title":"Treatment of elderly and other adult patients for depression in primary care","volume":"51","author":"Fischer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/26320843231186398","article-title":"R-squared (R2)\u2013how much variation is explained?","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/026999398379673","article-title":"EEG alpha asymmetry, depression, and cognitive functioning","volume":"12","author":"Gotlib","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90102-9","article-title":"Topographic EEG and flash visual evoked potentials in elderly subjects, depressed patients, and demented patients","author":"Guidi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3143162","article-title":"Continuous scoring of depression from EEG signals via a hybrid of convolutional neural networks","volume":"30","author":"Hashempour","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.10.008","article-title":"Classifying depression patients and normal subjects using machine learning techniques and nonlinear features from EEG signal","volume":"109","author":"Hosseinifard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0015","series-title":"Wiley statsref: Statistics reference online","article-title":"Paired t test","author":"Hsu","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27883-0","article-title":"Resting-state EEG dual biomarker for motor\u2013cognitive function in elderly individuals","volume":"15","author":"Huh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0017","unstructured":"Imani, E., Luedemann, K., Scholnick-Hughes, S., Elelimy, E., & White, M. (2024). Investigating the histogram loss in regression. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2402.13425."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.628981","article-title":"The association between self-rated mental health and symptoms of depression in Korean American older adults","volume":"16","author":"Jang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3293051","article-title":"Classifying and scoring major depressive disorders by residual neural networks on specific frequencies and brain regions","volume":"31","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/30.1-2.81","article-title":"A new measure of rank correlation","volume":"30","author":"Kendall","year":"1938","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0021","article-title":"A transfer learning-based framework for enhanced classification of perceived mental stress using EEG spectrograms","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299127","article-title":"A machine learning based depression screening framework using temporal domain features of the electroencephalography signals","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aace8c","article-title":"EEGNet: A compact convolutional neural network for EEG-based brain\u2013computer interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Lawhern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3420715","article-title":"Automatic sleep stage classification using nasal pressure decoding based on a multi-kernel convolutional BiLSTM network","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3151742","article-title":"Motor impairment in stroke patients is associated with network properties during consecutive motor imagery","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0026","series-title":"2020 8th international winter conference on brain-computer interface (BCI)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Decoding visual responses based on deep neural networks with ear-EEG signals","author":"Lee","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0027","series-title":"2023 IEEE international conference on bioinformatics and biomedicine (BIBM)","first-page":"2527","article-title":"Dysfunctional brain dynamics in Subjects with major depression: An EEG microstate spectral analysis","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.04.011","article-title":"Deficient manipulation of working memory in remitted depressed individuals: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3166824","article-title":"Alterations in patients with first-episode depression in the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions: A resting-state EEG study","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0030","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","volume":"30","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2273-8","article-title":"Electroencephalographic reactivity to unimodal and bimodal visual and proprioceptive demands in sensorimotor integration","volume":"203","author":"Mizelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0032","series-title":"International conference on human-computer interaction","first-page":"47","article-title":"Fusing pretrained ViTs with TCNet for enhanced EEG regression","author":"Modesitt","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1627-z","article-title":"The effect of acute effort on EEG in healthy young and elderly subjects","volume":"111","author":"Moraes","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0034","unstructured":"Nie, G., Tang, G., & Hong, S. (2024). Dist loss: Enhancing regression in few-shot region through distribution distance constraint. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2411.15216."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia3020048","article-title":"Depression in elderly people","volume":"3","author":"Paiva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"7926","article-title":"Balanced mse for imbalanced visual regression","author":"Ren","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.804","article-title":"The emergence of depression in the elderly","volume":"2","author":"Runcan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23730","article-title":"Deep learning with convolutional neural networks for EEG decoding and visualization","volume":"38","author":"Schirrmeister","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0040","series-title":"2023 IEEE international conference on bioinformatics and biomedicine (BIBM)","first-page":"1406","article-title":"Explainable depression recognition from EEG signals via graph convolutional network","author":"Shen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0041","article-title":"A hybrid literature review on handling imbalanced medical data: AI models and open issues","author":"Siddavatam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2017.1371281","article-title":"Behavioral and brain oscillatory correlates of affective processing in subclinical depression","volume":"40","author":"Slobodskoy-Plusnin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3230250","article-title":"EEG conformer: Convolutional transformer for EEG decoding and visualization","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2307\/1422689","article-title":"The proof and measurement of association between two things","volume":"100","author":"Spearman","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115175","article-title":"Automated EEG signal classification using chaotic local binary pattern","volume":"182","author":"Tuncer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9034-9","article-title":"Executive function deficits, rumination and late-onset depressive symptoms in older adults","volume":"32","author":"Von Hippel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0047","series-title":"European conference on computer vision","first-page":"499","article-title":"A discriminative feature learning approach for deep face recognition","author":"Wen","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0048","article-title":"3D-HMFormer: A 3D position-guided hierarchical multitask transformer for EEG-based executive function classification","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0049","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"23721","article-title":"Deep imbalanced regression via hierarchical classification adjustment","author":"Xiong","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107772","article-title":"Quantile regression based probabilistic forecasting of renewable energy generation and building electrical load: A state of the art review","volume":"79","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.128498","article-title":"A without-stage-annotation insomnia assessment using single-channel electroencephalography","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0052","series-title":"International conference on machine learning","first-page":"11842","article-title":"Delving into deep imbalanced regression","author":"Yang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0053","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Yuan, J., Yang, Z., Guo, Y., Zhong, X., & He, S. (2025a). FocalCount: Towards Class-Count Imbalance in Class-Agnostic Counting. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2502.10677."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2025.3557275","article-title":"Explainable depression classification based on EEG feature selection from audio stimuli","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426012716?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426012716?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T21:08:40Z","timestamp":1776460120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417426012716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0957417426012716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"CenterIR: An imbalance-aware deep regression framework for EEG-based depression severity estimation in older adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132358","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"132358"}}