{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:06:05Z","timestamp":1784045165820,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020901","name":"Islamic University of Madinah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T23:38:29Z","timestamp":1776814709000},"page":"132523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["HCIQ: A hybrid CNN and image quality assessment framework for robust ear presentation attack detection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"324","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9942-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammam","family":"Alshazly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9286-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany","family":"Asaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5541-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany A.","family":"Atallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3460-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Namoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194139","article-title":"Ensembles of deep learning models and transfer learning for ear recognition","volume":"19","author":"Alshazly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11121493","article-title":"Handcrafted versus CNN features for ear recognition","volume":"11","author":"Alshazly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170295","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3024116","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks for unconstrained ear recognition","volume":"8","author":"Alshazly","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"359","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2023.05.001","article-title":"Ear identification: A multi-ethnic study sample","volume":"107","author":"Angelakopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morphologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140030","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2943319","article-title":"A comprehensive performance evaluation of image quality assessment algorithms","volume":"7","author":"Athar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0006","first-page":"289","article-title":"Multimodal biometric system based on fusion techniques: A review","volume":"31","author":"Bala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.03.040","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on ear recognition: Databases, approaches, comparative analysis, and open challenges","volume":"537","author":"Benzaoui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0008","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th international workshop on biometrics and forensics","first-page":"1","article-title":"Non-reference image quality assessment for biometric presentation attack detection","author":"Bhogal","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122821","article-title":"3sXcsNet: A framework for face presentation attack detection using deep learning","volume":"243","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0010","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on image processing","first-page":"2636","article-title":"Face anti-spoofing based on color texture analysis","author":"Boulkenafet","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0011","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition","first-page":"612","article-title":"OULU-NPU: A mobile face presentation attack database with real-world variations","author":"Boulkenafet","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2022.104428","article-title":"Face anti-spoofing detection based on multi-scale image quality assessment","volume":"121","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03461-1","article-title":"Presentation attack detection based on score level fusion and challenge-response technique","volume":"77","author":"Chou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Supercomputing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3232849","article-title":"Presentation attack detection for iris recognition: An assessment of the state-of-the-art","volume":"51","author":"Czajka","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0015","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"248","article-title":"ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database","author":"Deng","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2017.0208","article-title":"Unconstrained ear recognition using deep neural networks","volume":"7","author":"Dodge","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3530-1","article-title":"Evaluation and analysis of ear recognition models: performance, complexity and resource requirements","volume":"32","author":"Emer\u0161i\u010d","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Computing and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.08.139","article-title":"Ear recognition: More than a survey","volume":"255","author":"Emer\u0161i\u010d","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0019","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops","first-page":"3464","article-title":"Leveraging intermediate features of vision transformer for face anti-spoofing","author":"Feng","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2292332","article-title":"Image quality assessment for fake biometric detection: Application to iris, fingerprint, and face recognition","volume":"23","author":"Galbally","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3560884","article-title":"A survey of 3D ear recognition techniques","volume":"55","author":"Ganapathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0022","series-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on biometrics","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep pixel-wise binary supervision for face presentation attack detection","author":"George","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0023","unstructured":"Gonzalez, E., Alvarez, L., & Mazorra, L. (2008). AMI Ear database. https:\/\/ctim.ulpgc.es\/research_works\/ami_ear_database\/ Accessed: 2026-01-02."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2017.0210","article-title":"Employing fusion of learned and handcrafted features for unconstrained ear recognition","volume":"7","author":"Hansley","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.10.007","article-title":"Ear recognition using local binary patterns: A comparative experimental study","volume":"118","author":"Hassaballah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09456-7","article-title":"Robust local oriented patterns for ear recognition","volume":"79","author":"Hassaballah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0028","series-title":"Proceedings of the 20th international conference on pattern recognition","first-page":"2366","article-title":"Image quality metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM","author":"Hore","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0029","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Searching for MobileNetV3","author":"Howard","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on machine learning","first-page":"448","article-title":"Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift","author":"Ioffe","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0031","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC (2023). ISO\/IEC 30107-3: Information technology - Biometric presentation attack detection - Part 3: Testing and reporting. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/79520.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0032","series-title":"Proceedings of the 21st international conference on pattern recognition","first-page":"1363","article-title":"BSIF: Binarized statistical image features","author":"Kannala","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0033","first-page":"185673","article-title":"Liveness detection in computer vision: Transformer-based self-supervised learning for face anti-spoofing","volume":"12","author":"Keresh","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20704","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3100151","article-title":"Ear recognition based on deep unsupervised active learning","volume":"21","author":"Khaldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.113059","article-title":"Spatio-temporal deep learning for improved face presentation attack detection","volume":"311","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0036","unstructured":"Khiarak, J. N. (2021). Transfer learning using deep neural networks for ear presentation attack detection: New database for PAD. arXiv: 2112.05237."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0037","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th international conference on neural information processing systems","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.06.005","article-title":"Automated human identification using ear imaging","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0039","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops","first-page":"1462","article-title":"FIQA-FAS: Face image quality assessment based face anti-spoofing","author":"Liang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0040","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF winter conference on applications of vomputer vision","first-page":"6098","article-title":"Domain invariant vision transformer learning for face anti-spoofing","author":"Liao","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0041","first-page":"215","article-title":"No-reference image quality assessment based on spatial and spectral entropies","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Signal Processing: Image Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94654","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3421345","article-title":"Quality matters: Boosting face presentation attack detection with image quality metrics","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_sbref0043","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th international conference on learning representations","article-title":"Decoupled weight decay regularization","author":"Loshchilov","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0044","series-title":"Proceedings of the 30th international conference on machine learning","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rectifier nonlinearities improve neural network acoustic models","author":"Maas","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0045","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th IEEE international conference on biometrics: Theory, applications and systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"LivDet 2015 fingerprint liveness detection competition 2015","author":"Mura","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2022.103525","article-title":"Deep learning for deepfakes creation and detection: A survey","volume":"223","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Vision and Image Understanding"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0047","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0048","series-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","first-page":"3942","article-title":"FiLM: Visual reasoning with a general conditioning layer","author":"Perez","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0049","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation: From precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation","volume":"2","author":"Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.37506\/wh6f6c55","article-title":"Ear prints in forensic science: A unique tool for criminal identification","volume":"25","author":"Qidwai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medico-Legal Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0051","series-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on advances in computing, communications and informatics","first-page":"123","article-title":"Quality assessment metrics for edge detection and edge-aware filtering: A tutorial review","author":"Sadykova","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2020.0004","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks for face and iris presentation attack detection: Survey and case study","volume":"9","author":"Safaa El-Din","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0053","series-title":"Proceedings of the 26th European signal processing conference","first-page":"2355","article-title":"Ear presentation attack detection: Benchmarking study with first lenslet light field database","author":"Sepas-Moghaddam","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02173-8","article-title":"HyFiPAD: A hybrid approach for fingerprint presentation attack detection using local and adaptive image features","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-023-01070-5","article-title":"A survey on face presentation attack detection mechanisms: Hitherto and future perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimedia Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0197-0","article-title":"A survey on image data augmentation for deep learning","volume":"6","author":"Shorten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Big Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3072325","article-title":"Multi-modal fingerprint presentation attack detection: Evaluation on a new dataset","volume":"3","author":"Spinoulas","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0058","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0059","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"2818","article-title":"Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision","author":"Szegedy","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0060","series-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on advanced technologies, computer engineering and science, Turkey","first-page":"538","article-title":"Fusion of full-reference and no-reference anti-spoofing techniques for ear biometrics under print attacks","author":"Toprak","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-019-01570-w","article-title":"Ear anti-spoofing against print attacks using three-level fusion of image quality measures","volume":"14","author":"Toprak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal, Image and Video Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114600","article-title":"Detection of spoofing attacks for ear biometrics through image quality assessment and deep learning","volume":"172","author":"Toprak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0063","article-title":"Attention-assisted multilevel fusion framework for generalized iris presentation attack detection","volume":"171","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0065","series-title":"Proceedings of the 41st international conference on machine learning","first-page":"54015","article-title":"Q-ALIGN: Teaching LMMs for visual scoring via discrete text-defined levels","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0066","series-title":"Innovations and technologies in engineering","first-page":"70-82","article-title":"Print attack detection for ear biometrics with fusion of texture-based and CNN-based approaches","author":"Ye\u015filyurt","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0067","article-title":"Multi-input hybrid face presentation attack detection method based on simplified xception and channel attention mechanism","volume":"283","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0068","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th international conference on neural information processing systems","first-page":"3320","article-title":"How transferable are features in deep neural networks?","author":"Yosinski","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0069","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems","first-page":"2796","article-title":"Reduced-reference image quality assessment based on entropy differences in DCT domain","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-025-4631-2","article-title":"Towards versatile multimedia quality assessment for visual communications","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-025-4676-4","article-title":"Large multimodal models evaluation: A survey","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523_bib0072","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quality assessment in the era of large models: A survey","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426014363?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426014363?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:27:28Z","timestamp":1784042848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417426014363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0957417426014363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"HCIQ: A hybrid CNN and image quality assessment framework for robust ear presentation attack detection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132523","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"132523"}}