{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:19:10Z","timestamp":1783070350519,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20244Y0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20244Y0129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82104738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZD0545000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD0545000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031526","name":"Jinan Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005891","name":"State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZYYZDXK-2023069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYZDXK-2023069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003395","name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24RGZN12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24RGZN12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002888","name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T02:27:10Z","timestamp":1779676030000},"page":"132837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["OrientTongue: an oriented and attention-enhanced framework for fine-grained tongue diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"329","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1404-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3325-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhuang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiatuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0005","article-title":"MetaLink: An imbalanced multi-label classification approach for automatic tongue diagnosis","volume":"130526","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0010","series-title":"2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Yolov8: A novel object detection algorithm with enhanced performance and robustness","author":"Varghese","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0015","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"16519","article-title":"Bottleneck transformers for visual recognition","author":"Srinivas","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cbam: Convolutional block attention module","author":"Woo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"3520","article-title":"Oriented R-CNN for object detection","author":"Xie","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"6459","article-title":"Adaptive nms: Refining pedestrian detection in a crowd","author":"Liu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"5561","article-title":"Soft-NMS\u2013improving object detection with one line of code","author":"Bodla","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0040","first-page":"21002","article-title":"Generalized focal loss: Learning qualified and distributed bounding boxes for dense object detection","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0045","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"618","article-title":"Grad-cam: Visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005","article-title":"A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis","volume":"42","author":"Litjens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071516-044442","article-title":"Deep learning in medical image analysis","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002683","article-title":"Variable generalization performance of a deep learning model to detect pneumonia in chest radiographs: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Zech","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3117407","article-title":"Domain adaptation for medical image analysis: A survey","volume":"69","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23458-5","article-title":"A deep learning system for detecting diabetic retinopathy across the disease spectrum","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0075","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep-HybridUNet: An accurate polyp segmentation method for colonoscopy images based on deep hybrid attention network","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0080","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2117","article-title":"Feature pyramid networks for object detection","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0085","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"821","article-title":"Libra r-cnn: Towards balanced learning for object detection","author":"Pang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0090","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"2980","article-title":"Focal loss for dense object detection","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0095","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"7132","article-title":"Squeeze-and-excitation networks","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0100","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Yang, B., Guan, Q., Zhang, J., Wu, Q., & Xia, Y. (2023). Attention mechanisms in medical image segmentation: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.17937."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0105","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3974","article-title":"DOTA: A large-scale dataset for object detection in aerial images","author":"Xia","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-022-01593-w","article-title":"On the arbitrary-oriented object detection: Classification based approaches revisited","volume":"130","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0115","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"745","article-title":"Deep direct regression for multi-oriented scene text detection","author":"He","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128543","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3225455","article-title":"Transfer learning for automatic image orientation detection using deep learning and logistic regression","volume":"10","author":"Amjoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104924","article-title":"Fully automatic segmentation method for medicinal plant leaf images in complex background","volume":"164","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0130","series-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","article-title":"Towards complex backgrounds: A unified difference-aware decoder for binary segmentation","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0135","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"648","article-title":"Efficient object localization using convolutional networks","author":"Tompson","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0140","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"8232","article-title":"Scrdet: Towards more robust detection for small, cluttered and rotated objects","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0145","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2849","article-title":"Learning RoI transformer for oriented object detection in aerial images","author":"Ding","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0150","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"28","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","author":"Ren","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.108060","article-title":"A two-stage deep transfer learning model and its application for medical image processing in Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"239","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.53388\/MHM2021B0329001","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence in tongue diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine: A review","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"TMR Modern Herbal Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2818020","article-title":"Arbitrary-oriented scene text detection via rotation proposals","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Yuan, L., Weng, L., & Yang, Y. (2017, February). A high resolution optical satellite image dataset for ship recognition and some new baselines. In International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (Vol. 2, pp. 324-331). SciTePress.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006120603240331"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07806-9","article-title":"Multi-scale fusion semantic enhancement network for medical image segmentation","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcmed.2022.10.002","article-title":"Tongue image segmentation and tongue color classification based on deep learning","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digital Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0185","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2268","article-title":"ScratchDet: Training single-shot object detectors from scratch","author":"Zhu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3225843","article-title":"Learning orientation information from frequency-domain for oriented object detection in remote sensing images","volume":"60","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183775","article-title":"The application of improved YOLO V3 in multi-scale target detection","volume":"9","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0200","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4507","article-title":"Learning non-maximum suppression","author":"Hosang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.09.080","article-title":"D-NMS: A dynamic NMS network for general object detection","volume":"512","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0210","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","first-page":"176","article-title":"Improving the detection of small oriented objects in aerial images","author":"Doloriel","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3273853","article-title":"OTP-NMS: Toward optimal threshold prediction of NMS for crowded pedestrian detection","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-025-04374-3","article-title":"Cluster-NMS: Improving crowded object detection through clustering pattern","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal, Image and Video Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0225","first-page":"78433","article-title":"Yolov12: Attention-centric real-time object detectors","volume":"38","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0230","unstructured":"Lin, X., Peng, J., Gan, Z., Zhu, J., & Liu, J. (2025). YOLO-Master: MOE-accelerated with specialized transformers for enhanced real-time detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.23273."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0235","unstructured":"Sapkota, R., Cheppally, R. H., Sharda, A., & Karkee, M. (2025). YOLO26: Key architectural enhancements and performance benchmarking for real-time object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.25164."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38617-1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal polyp detection method based on the improved RT-DETR","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2026","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0245","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence","first-page":"415","article-title":"Object detection for medical image analysis: Insights from the RT-DETR model","author":"He","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28273","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.13407","article-title":"Spike-based attention mechanisms for enhanced medical image segmentation","volume":"15","author":"Al-Ebrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172027","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3616022","article-title":"Attention-based convolutional neural network model for skin cancer classification","volume":"13","author":"Hosny","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07561-x","article-title":"Transformer attention fusion for fine grained medical image classification","volume":"15","author":"Badar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.3390\/s26072011","article-title":"WE-KAN: SAR image rotated object detection method based on wavelet domain feature enhancement and KAN prediction head","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0270","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"367","article-title":"MoE-SAM: Enhancing SAM for medical image segmentation with mixture-of-experts","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0275","article-title":"Application of a large visual language model on tongue image description generation and physical constitution reasoning in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TongueVLM): Model development and validation study","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2026","journal-title":"JMIR Medical Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837_b0280","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: Single shot multibox detector","author":"Liu","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426017501?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426017501?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T08:52:14Z","timestamp":1783068734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417426017501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0957417426017501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"OrientTongue: an oriented and attention-enhanced framework for fine-grained tongue diagnosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132837","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"132837"}}