{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:45:49Z","timestamp":1785897949921,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xzy012026026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xzy012026026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:00:53Z","timestamp":1780718453000},"page":"133189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Density-aware adaptive label assignment for end-to-end dense detection in drone images"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"331","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengxu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1410-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4924-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengzhong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4392-8450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoshuai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueming","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0001","series-title":"European conference on computer vision (ECCV)","first-page":"213","article-title":"End-to-end object detection with transformers","author":"Carion","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0002","unstructured":"Chen, K., Wang, J., Pang, J., Cao, Y., Xiong, Y., Li, X., Sun, S., Feng, W., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Zhang, Z., Cheng, D., Zhu, C., Cheng, T., Zhao, Q., Li, B., Lu, X., Zhu, R., Wu, Y., Dai, J., Wang, J., Shi, J., Ouyang, W., Loy, C. C., & Lin, D. (2019). MMDetection: Open MMlab detection toolbox and benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1906.07155, 10.48550\/arXiv.1906.07155."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0003","series-title":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM international conference on multimedia","first-page":"4939","article-title":"Disentangle your dense object detector","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8984","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3232688","article-title":"Tiny object detection via regional cross self-attention network","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0005","series-title":"Progress in systems engineering","first-page":"449","article-title":"Distributed processing applications for UAV\/drones: A survey","author":"Chmaj","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0006","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"1601","article-title":"UP-DETR: Unsupervised pre-training for object detection with transformers","author":"Dai","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3045636","article-title":"A global-local self-adaptive network for drone-view object detection","volume":"30","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0008","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"13435","article-title":"Adaptive sparse convolutional networks with global context enhancement for faster object detection on drone images","author":"Du","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0009","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision workshops (ICCVW)","first-page":"2789","article-title":"Coarse-grained density map guided object detection in aerial images","author":"Duan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0010","series-title":"2019 IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"6568","article-title":"CenterNet: Keypoint triplets for object detection","author":"Duan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-009-0275-4","article-title":"The PASCAL visual object classes (VOC) challenge","volume":"88","author":"Everingham","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0012","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"3490","article-title":"TOOD: Task-aligned one-stage object detection","author":"Feng","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0013","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"303","article-title":"OTA: Optimal transport assignment for object detection","author":"Ge","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0014","series-title":"2016 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0015","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"4713","article-title":"Dynamic sparse R-CNN","author":"Hong","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3047758","article-title":"Joint optimization of trajectory, propulsion, and thrust powers for covert UAV-on-UAV video tracking and surveillance","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i1.19986","article-title":"UFPMP-Det: Toward accurate and efficient object detection on drone imagery","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0018","article-title":"Focus-and-Detect: A small object detection framework for aerial images","volume":"104","author":"Koyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Processing: Image Communication"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800020109","article-title":"The hungarian method for the assignment problem","volume":"2","author":"Kuhn","year":"1955","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0020","series-title":"European conference on computer vision (ECCV)","first-page":"734","article-title":"CornerNet: Detecting objects as paired keypoints","author":"Law","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3210207","article-title":"Pareto refocusing for drone-view object detection","volume":"33","author":"Leng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0022","series-title":"2020 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPRW)","first-page":"737","article-title":"Density map guided object detection in aerial images","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0023","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPRW)","first-page":"2378","article-title":"Pseudo-IoU: Improving label assignment in anchor-free object detection","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0024","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"9377","article-title":"A dual weighting label assignment scheme for object detection","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0025","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"7350","article-title":"One-to-few label assignment for end-to-end dense detection","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0026","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"11627","article-title":"Generalized focal loss v2: Learning reliable localization quality estimation for dense object detection","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0027","first-page":"21002","article-title":"Generalized focal loss: Learning qualified and distributed bounding boxes for dense object detection","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2019.2905881","article-title":"Small object detection in unmanned aerial vehicle images using feature fusion and scaling-based single shot detector with spatial context analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0029","series-title":"2017 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"936","article-title":"Feature pyramid networks for object detection","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0030","series-title":"2017 IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"2999","article-title":"Focal loss for dense object detection","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0031","series-title":"European conference on computer vision (ECCV)","first-page":"740","article-title":"Microsoft COCO: Common objects in context","author":"Lin","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3020079","article-title":"Food and ingredient joint learning for fine-grained recognition","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0033","series-title":"European conference on computer vision (ECCV)","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: Single shot multibox detector","author":"Liu","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0034","series-title":"2021 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo (ICME)","first-page":"1","article-title":"HRDNet: High-resolution detection network for small objects","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0035","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"3631","article-title":"Conditional DETR for fast training convergence","author":"Meng","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0036","unstructured":"Redmon, J., & Farhadi, A. (2018). YOLOv3: An incremental improvement. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1804.02767, 10.48550\/arXiv.1804.02767."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0037","unstructured":"Shao, S., Zhao, Z., Li, B., Xiao, T., Yu, G., Zhang, X., & Sun, J. (2018). CrowdHuman: A benchmark for detecting human in a crowd. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1805.00123, 10.48550\/arXiv.1805.00123."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0038","series-title":"Proceedings of the 38th international conference on machine learning","first-page":"9934","article-title":"What makes for end-to-end object detection?","author":"Sun","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0039","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"14449","article-title":"Sparse R-CNN: End-to-end object detection with learnable proposals","author":"Sun","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0040","series-title":"2019 IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"9626","article-title":"FCOS: Fully convolutional one-stage object detection","author":"Tian","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0041","series-title":"2013 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems","first-page":"5321","article-title":"Sensor planning for a symbiotic UAV and UGV system for precision agriculture","author":"Tokekar","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0042","first-page":"1","article-title":"YOLOv8-QSD: An improved small object detection algorithm for autonomous vehicles based on yolov8","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0043","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"15844","article-title":"End-to-end object detection with fully convolutional network","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4598","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2022.3178871","article-title":"AdaZoom: Towards scale-aware large scene object detection","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0045","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"13658","article-title":"QueryDet: Cascaded sparse query for accelerating high-resolution small object detection","author":"Yang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0046","series-title":"2019 IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","first-page":"8310","article-title":"Clustered object detection in aerial images","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7812","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2024.3371892","article-title":"SDPDet: Learning scale-separated dynamic proposals for end-to-end drone-view detection","volume":"26","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0048","series-title":"2020 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"9756","article-title":"Bridging the gap between anchor-based and anchor-free detection via adaptive training sample selection","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0049","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"847","article-title":"Progressive end-to-end object detection in crowded scenes","author":"Zheng","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0050","unstructured":"Zhu, B., Wang, J., Jiang, Z., Zong, F., Liu, S., Li, Z., & Sun, J. (2020). AutoAssign: Differentiable label assignment for dense object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2007.03496, 10.48550\/arXiv.2007.03496."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7380","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3119563","article-title":"Detection and tracking meet drones challenge","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189_sbref0052","series-title":"International conference on learning representations","article-title":"Deformable DETR: Deformable transformers for end-to-end object detection","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426020981?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426020981?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:58:31Z","timestamp":1785895111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417426020981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0957417426020981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Density-aware adaptive label assignment for end-to-end dense detection in drone images","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133189","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"133189"}}