{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:49:49Z","timestamp":1785934189639,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62422303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62422303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62373035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62373035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T16:41:57Z","timestamp":1781541717000},"page":"133257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Nonlinear search and dynamic leader selection integrated multi-objective optimization algorithm for ethylene cracking furnace"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"331","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3209-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongming","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9182-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qichen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9786-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0477-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xintian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0001","first-page":"734","article-title":"Optimal design of industrial reactor for naphtha thermal cracking process","volume":"52","author":"Abbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14714","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c02596","article-title":"Net-zero ethylene: On the sustainability, economics, and scalability of synthetic and fossil production pathways","volume":"13","author":"Aui","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2005.12.020","article-title":"Modified differential evolution for optimization of non-linear chemical processes","volume":"30","author":"Babu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computers & Chemical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0004","series-title":"Dynamic programming","author":"Bellman","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0005","series-title":"Nonlinear programming: Concepts, algorithms, and applications to chemical processes","author":"Biegler","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.69997\/sct.138183","article-title":"Olefins production through sustainable pathways: Techno-economic and environmental assessment","volume":"4","author":"Bozta\u015f","year":"2025","journal-title":"Systems and Control Transactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13357","DOI":"10.1039\/D5GC02960K","article-title":"Comparative reactor, process, techno-economic and life-cycle emissions assessment of ethylene production via electrified and thermal steam cracking","volume":"27","author":"Cattry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC03858K","article-title":"Ethylene production: Process design, techno-economic and life-cycle assessments","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2016.2519378","article-title":"A reference vector guided evolutionary algorithm for many-objective optimization","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0010","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2002 congress on evolutionary computation (CEC)","first-page":"1051","article-title":"MOPSO: A proposal for multiple objective particle swarm optimization","author":"Coello","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0011","series-title":"Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO)","first-page":"283","article-title":"PESA-II: Region-based selection in evolutionary multiobjective optimization","author":"Corne","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.02.174","article-title":"Review: Multi-objective optimization methods and application in energy saving","volume":"125","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2011.03.009","article-title":"RTO: An overview and assessment of current practice","volume":"21","author":"Darby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Process Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0015","series-title":"Evolutionary multiobjective optimization","first-page":"105","article-title":"Scalable test problems for evolutionary multiobjective optimization","author":"Deb","year":"2005"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12288","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c00923","article-title":"Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons for the production of light olefins: A review on optimal process design, operation, and control","volume":"59","author":"Fakhroleslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2012.05.039","article-title":"Compromising adjustment solution of primary reaction coefficients in ethylene cracking furnace modeling","volume":"80","author":"Geng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8190","DOI":"10.3390\/en14238190","article-title":"A review on the production of light olefins using steam cracking of hydrocarbons","volume":"14","author":"Gholami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2026.123759","article-title":"Trajectory optimization method for grade switching of polypropylene produced by unipol process","volume":"328","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0020","series-title":"Adaptation in natural and artificial systems","author":"Holland","year":"1975"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2005.861417","article-title":"A scalable multi-objective test problem toolkit","volume":"10","author":"Huband","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0022","first-page":"4361","article-title":"Integrated operation and cyclic scheduling optimization for an ethylene cracking furnaces system","volume":"54","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2019.104768","article-title":"Improving the steam-cracking efficiency of naphtha feedstocks by mixed\/separate processing","volume":"146","author":"Karaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0024","first-page":"31","article-title":"Multi-objective Harris Hawks optimizer for multiobjective optimization problems","volume":"1","author":"Kusoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BSEU Journal of Engineering Research and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2025.102268","article-title":"Adaptive pattern learning particle swarm optimization for large-scale optimization","volume":"101","author":"Lai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127777","article-title":"Ensemble learning training strategy based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization and chasing method","volume":"281","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2025.102222","article-title":"A multi-stage evolutionary algorithm based on finite state machine theory for constrained multi-objective optimization problem","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0028","article-title":"Co-evolutionary multi-objective optimization enhanced by reinforcement learning decision support in distributed group scheduling","volume":"299","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0029","first-page":"279","article-title":"Coke formation during steam cracking of hydrocarbons. Part 2: Effect of preoxidation and prereduction of the reactor surface","volume":"55","author":"Lindv\u00e5g","year":"1977","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2005.04.005","article-title":"Simulation, optimization and control of a thermal cracking furnace","volume":"31","author":"Masoumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125786","article-title":"A new hybrid swarm intelligence-based maximum power point tracking technique for solar photovoltaic systems under varying irradiations","volume":"264","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0032","series-title":"Numerical optimization","author":"Nocedal","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0033","series-title":"Fault tolerant design using single and multicriteria genetic algorithm optimization","author":"Schott","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1021\/i260060a007","article-title":"Coke formation during thermal cracking of n-octane","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"1976","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1039\/D4GC04538F","article-title":"Decarbonization approaches for ethylene production: Comparative techno-economic and life-cycle analysis","volume":"27","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0036","first-page":"267","article-title":"Improving pso-based multi-objective optimization using crowding, mutation and \u03f5-dominance","volume":"9","author":"Sierra","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16117","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b03221","article-title":"State-of-the-art of coke formation during steam cracking: Anti-coking surface technologies","volume":"57","author":"Symoens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09694-z","article-title":"An improved multi-objective harris hawks optimization algorithm for solving EDM problems","volume":"50","author":"Uddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2026.102322","article-title":"A competition-driven two-phase evolutionary algorithm for constrained multi-objective optimization","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-025-4775-5","article-title":"Adaptive small-family population-guided swarm intelligence optimization algorithm","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science China Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132220","article-title":"Q-learning driven artificial lemming algorithm with elite pool and dynamic vertical crossover strategy: A case study in wind power forecasting","volume":"320","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131884","article-title":"Environmental life cycle assessment of olefins and by-product hydrogen from steam cracking of natural gas liquids, naphtha, and gas oil","volume":"359","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2007.892759","article-title":"MOEA\/D: A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0044","article-title":"Environmental and economic optimization of office building microgrid based on carbon-electricity market and improved harris hawks optimization algorithm","volume":"332","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2021.114194","article-title":"Artificial hummingbird algorithm: A new bio-inspired optimizer with its engineering applications","volume":"388","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600568202","article-title":"Comparison of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: empirical results","volume":"8","author":"Zitzler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2003.810758","article-title":"Performance assessment of multiobjective optimizers: an analysis and review","volume":"7","author":"Zitzler","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426021664?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426021664?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:34:46Z","timestamp":1785933286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417426021664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0957417426021664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nonlinear search and dynamic leader selection integrated multi-objective optimization algorithm for ethylene cracking furnace","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133257","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"133257"}}