{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:17:08Z","timestamp":1783225028192,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62376280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62376280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:30:48Z","timestamp":1781713848000},"page":"133346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["A hierarchical graph neural network framework for dynamic alliance prediction and strategic intent reasoning in multi-agent systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"332","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4284-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenpeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-555X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaofei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0001","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"17987","article-title":"Learning to play no-press diplomacy with best response policy iteration","volume":"Vol. 33","author":"Anthony","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0002","first-page":"18063","article-title":"No-press diplomacy from scratch","volume":"34","author":"Bakhtin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","article-title":"SMOTE: Synthetic minority oversampling technique","volume":"16","author":"Chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00294-7","article-title":"Graph neural networks","volume":"4","author":"Corso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Methods Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-022-00445-z","article-title":"Stable learning establishes some common ground between causal inference and machine learning","volume":"4","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0006","series-title":"International conference on neural information processing","first-page":"668","article-title":"Spatial graph convolutional networks","author":"Danel","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0007","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies (NAACL-HLT 2019)","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Devlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0008","series-title":"Proceedings of the 18th conference of the european chapter of the association for computational linguistics (volume 2: Short papers), EACL 2024","first-page":"454","article-title":"SOCIALITE-LLAMA: An instruction-tuned model for social scientific tasks","author":"Dey","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0009","unstructured":"Doshi-Velez, F., & Kim, B. (2017). Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning. 10.48550\/arXiv.1702.08608."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0010","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"28219","article-title":"Gtbench: Uncovering the strategic reasoning capabilities of LLMs via game-theoretic evaluations","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Duan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0011","unstructured":"Efeoglu, S., & Paschke, A. (2024). Relation extraction with fine-tuned large language models in retrieval augmented generation frameworks. 10.48550\/arXiv.2406.14745."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0012","series-title":"An introduction to the bootstrap","author":"Efron","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0013","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"11525","article-title":"Vectornet: Encoding hd maps and agent dynamics from vectorized representation","author":"Gao","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130895","article-title":"Safe multi-agent reinforcement learning framework for coordinated control in multi-robot systems","volume":"305","author":"Gu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0015","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"123471","article-title":"Richelieu: Self-evolving LLM-based agents for AI diplomacy","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Guan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0016","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (neurips 2017)","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Inductive representation learning on large graphs","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0017","unstructured":"Hua, W., Fan, L., Li, L., Mei, K., Ji, J., Ge, Y., Hemphill, L., & Zhang, Y. (2023). War and Peace (WarAgent): Large Language Model-Based Multi-Agent Simulation of World Wars. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2311.17227."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0018","series-title":"Proceedings of the 41st international conference on machine learning","first-page":"17695","article-title":"Efficient adaptation in mixed-motive environments via hierarchical opponent modeling and planning","volume":"Vol. 235","author":"Huang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0019","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"135819","article-title":"Learning to balance altruism and self-interest based on empathy in mixed-motive games","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Kong","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-4313","article-title":"Learning to balance altruism and self-interest based on empathy in mixed-motive games","volume":"37","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34473-5","article-title":"Negotiation and honesty in artificial intelligence methods for the board game of diplomacy","volume":"13","author":"Kram\u00e1r","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0022","series-title":"Proceedings of the 24th international conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.65109\/AXNW2538","article-title":"Dynamic coalition structure detection in natural-language-based interactions","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08987-4","article-title":"Unmasking clever hans predictors and assessing what machines really learn","volume":"10","author":"Lapuschkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0024","series-title":"Evolution of cooperation on temporal networks","first-page":"2259","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd international joint conference on artificial intelligence (IJCAI 2024)","first-page":"6359","article-title":"Empirical analysis of dialogue relation extraction with large language models","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0026","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"19783","article-title":"Evolvegraph: Multi-agent trajectory prediction with dynamic relational reasoning","volume":"Vol. 33","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the 24th international conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems (AAMAS 2025)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.65109\/YYKI4123","article-title":"Nucleolus credit assignment for effective coalitions in multi-agent reinforcement learning","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0028","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","first-page":"44735","article-title":"Aligning individual and collective objectives in multi-agent cooperation","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3055147","article-title":"Learning knowledge graph embedding with heterogeneous relation attention networks","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.126266","article-title":"Knowledge-enhanced heterogeneous graph attention networks for privacy co-disclosure detection in online social network","volume":"268","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0031","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th international conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems (AAMAS 2020)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.65109\/DNUF7773","article-title":"Social diversity and social preferences in mixed-motive reinforcement learning","author":"McKee","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6624","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade9097","article-title":"Human-level play in the game of diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning","volume":"378","author":"Bakhtin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0033","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificialintelligence","first-page":"23267","article-title":"Explaining decisions of agents in mixed-motive games","volume":"Vol. 39","author":"Orner","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0034","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"No-press diplomacy: Modeling multi-agent gameplay","volume":"Vol. 32","author":"Paquette","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","first-page":"5363","article-title":"Evolvegcn: Evolving graph convolutional networks for dynamic graphs","volume":"Vol. 34","author":"Pareja","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0036","series-title":"International conference on machine learning","first-page":"7599","article-title":"Performative prediction","author":"Perdomo","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0037","series-title":"2018 IEEE International conference on robotics and automation (ICRA)","first-page":"7533","article-title":"Intent-aware multi-agent reinforcement learning","author":"Qi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0038","series-title":"Proceedings of the 35th international conference on machine learning","first-page":"4218","article-title":"Machine theory of mind","volume":"vol. 80","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0039","series-title":"ICML 2020 Workshop on graph representation learning and beyond (GFL+)","article-title":"Temporal graph networks for deep learning on dynamic graphs","author":"Rossi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0040","series-title":"The Strategy of Conflict","author":"Schelling","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0041","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"Finding friend and foe in multi-agent games","volume":"Vol. 32","author":"Serrino","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-022-09580-8","article-title":"Learning structured communication for multi-agent reinforcement learning","volume":"36","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3352811","article-title":"Mtr++: Multi-agent motion prediction with symmetric scene modeling and guided intention querying","volume":"46","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.102942","article-title":"Multi-agent reinforcement learning with weak ties","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.105506","article-title":"Cooperative and competitive multi-agent systems: From optimization to games","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/3001968","article-title":"Individual comparisons by ranking methods","volume":"1","author":"Wilcoxon","year":"1945","journal-title":"Biometrics Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0047","series-title":"Findings of the association for computational linguistics: ACL 2025","first-page":"25099","article-title":"Should i trust you? Detecting deception in negotiations using counterfactual RL","author":"Wongkamjan","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0048","series-title":"International conference on machine learning","first-page":"6861","article-title":"Simplifying graph convolutional networks","author":"Wu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0049","series-title":"International conference on learning representations (iclr 2020)","article-title":"Inductive representation learning on temporal graphs","author":"Xu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0050","series-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd international conference on machine learning (ICML 2025)","article-title":"DipLLM: Fine-tuning LLM for strategic decision-making in diplomacy","author":"Xu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2025.3604422","article-title":"Enhancing resilience for IOE: A perspective of networking-level safeguard","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0052","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining","first-page":"793","article-title":"Heterogeneous graph neural network","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.01.066","article-title":"Intention recognition for multiple agents","volume":"628","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Sciences"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426022554?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417426022554?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T03:41:03Z","timestamp":1783222863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417426022554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0957417426022554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A hierarchical graph neural network framework for dynamic alliance prediction and strategic intent reasoning in multi-agent systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.133346","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"133346"}}