{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:25:49Z","timestamp":1780410349412,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Future Generation Computer Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:53:52Z","timestamp":1776783232000},"page":"108511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A three-tier AI-based approach for dynamic application placement in cloud\u2013edge environments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0542-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efterpi","family":"Paraskevoulakou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysostomos","family":"Symvoulidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Karamolegkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kousiouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Kyriazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b1","series-title":"2018 Third International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing","first-page":"34","article-title":"Formal definition of edge computing: An emphasis on mobile cloud and IoT composition","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b2","series-title":"The Cloud-to-Thing Continuum: Opportunities and Challenges in Cloud, Fog and Edge Computing","first-page":"61","article-title":"Orchestration from the cloud to the edge","author":"Svorobej","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/1842733.1842736","article-title":"The Akamai network: a platform for high-performance internet applications","volume":"44","author":"Nygren","year":"2010","journal-title":"SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900232","article-title":"Intelligent edge: Leveraging deep imitation learning for mobile edge computation offloading","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3529843","article-title":"Genetic algorithm: Review and application","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-021-00256-4","article-title":"Efficient task offloading using particle swarm optimization algorithm in edge computing for industrial internet of things","volume":"10","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12060972","article-title":"Resource allocation strategy of edge systems based on task priority and an optimal integer linear programming algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b8","series-title":"Edge Computing: From Hype to Reality","first-page":"51","article-title":"Taxonomy of edge computing: challenges, opportunities, and data reduction methods","author":"Jain","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b9","first-page":"2346","article-title":"Learning under concept drift: A review","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b10","unstructured":"A. Gepperth, B. Hammer, Incremental learning algorithms and applications, in: European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks, ESANN, 2016."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3002583","article-title":"IncDet: In defense of elastic weight consolidation for incremental object detection","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106854","article-title":"A review of applications in federated learning","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301","article-title":"Reinforcement learning: A survey","volume":"4","author":"Kaelbling","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Artificial Intelligence Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Li, X. Tang, W. Cai, On dynamic bin packing for resource allocation in the cloud, in: Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, 2014, pp. 2\u201311.","DOI":"10.1145\/2612669.2612675"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b15","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","first-page":"15","article-title":"Asynchronous online federated learning for edge devices with non-iid data","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.10.002","article-title":"Energy efficient task scheduling based on deep reinforcement learning in cloud environment: A specialized review","volume":"151","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b17","series-title":"Production-grade container orchestration","author":"Kubernetes","year":"2026"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2020.3033807","article-title":"Extending kubernetes clusters to low-resource edge devices using virtual kubelets","volume":"10","author":"Goethals","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b19","series-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2021 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tailored learning-based scheduling for kubernetes-oriented edge-cloud system","author":"Han","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b20","article-title":"Actor-critic algorithms","volume":"12","author":"Konda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.24138\/jcomss.v16i1.1027","article-title":"Context-aware kubernetes scheduler for edge-native applications on 5G","volume":"16","author":"Chima Ogbuachi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Commun. Softw. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b22","series-title":"Scalable kubernetes workload orchestration for multi-cloud environments","author":"Kumar","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79978","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3406861","article-title":"A framework for cognitive, decentralized container orchestration","volume":"12","author":"Sofia","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.04.009","article-title":"Application-aware computation offloading in edge computing networks","volume":"146","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2020.2996764","article-title":"Computation offloading with instantaneous load billing for mobile edge computing","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b26","series-title":"2024 IEEE 14th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference","first-page":"0687","article-title":"Enhancing cloud-based application component placement with ai-driven operations","author":"Paraskevoulakou","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-024-03267-5","article-title":"Streamlining task planning systems for improved enactment in contemporary computing surroundings","volume":"5","author":"Menon","year":"2024","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5552","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3041713","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for edge service placement in softwarized industrial cyber-physical system","volume":"17","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103329","article-title":"GraphEdge: Dynamic graph partition and task scheduling for GNNs computing in edge network","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2939534","article-title":"KEIDS: Kubernetes-based energy and interference driven scheduler for industrial IoT in edge-cloud ecosystem","volume":"7","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parco.2009.12.012","article-title":"Extending software component models with the master\u2013worker paradigm","volume":"36","author":"Bouziane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parallel Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.07.012","article-title":"Time-series data augmentation based on interpolation","volume":"175","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b33","series-title":"2019 5th International Conference on Science in Information Technology","first-page":"83","article-title":"K-nearest neighbor (k-NN) based missing data imputation","author":"Murti","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01199","article-title":"A review of recurrent neural networks: LSTM cells and network architectures","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b35","series-title":"2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2262","article-title":"Rotate your networks: Better weight consolidation and less catastrophic forgetting","author":"Liu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b36","series-title":"Evcl: Elastic variational continual learning with weight consolidation","author":"Batra","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b37","series-title":"Elastic weight consolidation for better bias inoculation","author":"Thorne","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b38","unstructured":"Kubernetes SIGs, kind (Kubernetes in Docker), https:\/\/kind.sigs.k8s.io."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b39","series-title":"Docker: Accelerated container application development","author":"Ratliff","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b40","unstructured":"Kubernetes, Objects in Kubernetes, https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/overview\/working-with-objects\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/for.3980020104","article-title":"ARIMA model building and the time series analysis approach to forecasting","volume":"2","author":"Newbold","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Forecast."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/for.3980040103","article-title":"Exponential smoothing: The state of the art","volume":"4","author":"Gardner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Forecast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b44","series-title":"2016 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data","first-page":"87","article-title":"Financial time-series data analysis using deep convolutional neural networks","author":"Chen","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b45","first-page":"213","article-title":"Predicting prices of stock market using gated recurrent units (GRUs) neural networks","volume":"19","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b46","series-title":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","first-page":"3285","article-title":"The performance of LSTM and BiLSTM in forecasting time series","author":"Siami-Namini","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b47","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b48","article-title":"Deep q-learning from demonstrations","volume":"vol. 32","author":"Hester","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b49","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning with double q-learning","volume":"vol. 30","author":"Van Hasselt","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16915","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3366252","article-title":"A2C-DRL: Dynamic scheduling for stochastic edge\u2013cloud environments using A2C and deep reinforcement learning","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511_b51","series-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Future Generation Computer Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167739X26001457?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167739X26001457?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:49:01Z","timestamp":1780408141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167739X26001457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0167739X26001457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-739X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-739X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A three-tier AI-based approach for dynamic application placement in cloud\u2013edge environments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Future Generation Computer Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2026.108511","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108511"}}