{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:18:24Z","timestamp":1785161904286,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ICT Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:37:30Z","timestamp":1766018250000},"page":"55-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A comprehensive survey on masked face recognition techniques using deep learning: Motivations, research progress, and future challenges"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sparsh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mumin Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huzaif Mushtaq","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.1.71","article-title":"Eigenfaces for recognition","volume":"3","author":"Turk","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0002","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Arcface: additive angular margin loss for deep face recognition","author":"Deng","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0003","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Cosface: large margin cosine loss for deep face recognition","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.01.021","article-title":"Discriminative multi-scale sparse coding for single-sample face recognition with occlusion","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pattern. Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10442-2","article-title":"Conditional adversarial consistent identity autoencoder for cross-age face synthesis","volume":"80","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26595","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2901376","article-title":"Dictionary representation of deep features for occlusion-robust face recognition","volume":"7","author":"Cen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEe Access."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0007","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Banet: bidirectional aggregation network with occlusion handling for panoptic segmentation","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.04.002","article-title":"Transition towards healthcare 5.0: impact of COVID-19 in the healthcare industry","author":"Raisa","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0009","first-page":"2666","article-title":"Masked face recognition using deep learning: a review","volume":"10","author":"Alzu\u2019bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics. (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1049\/bme2.12029","article-title":"A survey of face recognition techniques under occlusion","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET. Biom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0011","unstructured":"Mahmoud, M., M.S. Kasem, and H.-S. Kang, A comprehensive survey of masked faces: recognition, detection, and unmasking. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.05900, 2024."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2023.04.003","article-title":"The design and evaluation of adaptive biometric authentication systems: current status, challenges and future direction","volume":"9","author":"Ryu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0013","series-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","article-title":"A review analysis on face recognition system with user interface system","author":"Tripathi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0014","unstructured":"Lowell, T.S., Facial biometric authentication for smartphones: the intersection of security and usability. 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0015","first-page":"63","article-title":"Comparing the legal implications of AI-powered facial recognition technology in the USA, the EU, and China: safeguarding privacy, bias, and civil liberties","volume":"1","author":"Handelman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int'l L. & Comp. Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(81)80001-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of human facial recognition","volume":"15","author":"Baron","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Man. Mach. Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1109\/34.41390","article-title":"Application of the Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces","volume":"12","author":"Kirby","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/34.598228","article-title":"Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection","volume":"19","author":"Belhumeur","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0020","series-title":"Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face Recognition","first-page":"355","article-title":"Face recognition by elastic bunch graph matching","author":"Wiskott","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0021","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. CVPR 2001","article-title":"Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features","author":"Viola","year":"2001"},{"issue":"771\u2013780","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0022","first-page":"1612","article-title":"A short introduction to boosting","volume":"14","author":"Freund","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Japan. Soc. For Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0023","series-title":"Computer Vision\u2014ECCV 2002: 7th European Conference On Computer Vision Copenhagen, Denmark, May 28\u201331, 2002 Proceedings, Part IV 7","article-title":"Statistical learning of multi-view face detection","author":"Li","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0024","first-page":"2","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004","article-title":"Learning object detection from a small number of examples: the importance of good features","author":"Levi","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0026","series-title":"2005 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR'05)","article-title":"Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection","author":"Dalal","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2005.846655","article-title":"Face detection using spectral histograms and SVMs","volume":"35","author":"Waring","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, and Cybernet. Part B (Cybernetics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0028","series-title":"DAGM 2012 CVAW Workshop","article-title":"Robust face detection by simple means","author":"K\u00f6stinger","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0029","series-title":"Computer Vision\u2013ECCV2014: 13th European Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, September 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part IV 13","article-title":"Face detection without bells and whistles","author":"Mathias","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Seeking the strongest rigid detector","author":"Benenson","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.219","article-title":"Local transform features and hybridization for accurate face and human detection","volume":"35","author":"Jun","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0032","series-title":"Bmvc","article-title":"Integral channel features","author":"Doll\u00e1r","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0033","series-title":"Pattern Recognition: 25th DAGM Symposium, Magdeburg, Germany, September 10-12, 2003. Proceedings 25","article-title":"Empirical analysis of detection cascades of boosted classifiers for rapid object detection","author":"Lienhart","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.01.005","article-title":"Deep learning-driven methods for network-based intrusion detection systems: a systematic review","author":"Chinnasamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2024.09.018","article-title":"Comparative study of deep learning techniques for DeepFake video detection","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Deepface: closing the gap to human-level performance in face verification","author":"Taigman","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0037","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"A convolutional neural network cascade for face detection","author":"Li","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, K., et al., Magic ELF: image deraining meets association learning and transformer. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.10455, 2022.","DOI":"10.1145\/3503161.3547760"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3349004","article-title":"TTST: a top-k token selective transformer for remote sensing image super-resolution","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0040","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., et al., Spiking meets attention: efficient remote sensing image super-resolution with attention Spiking neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.04223, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0041","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision","article-title":"Detecting faces using inside cascaded contextual CNN","author":"Zhang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0042","series-title":"Computer Vision\u2013ECCV2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11-14, 2016, Proceedings, Part V 14","article-title":"Supervised transformer network for efficient face detection","author":"Chen","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0043","series-title":"2017 12th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition (FG 2017)","article-title":"Face detection with the faster R-CNN","author":"Jiang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0044","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision","article-title":"Ssh: single stage headless face detector","author":"Najibi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0045","series-title":"BMVC 2015-Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2015","article-title":"Deep face recognition","author":"Parkhi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0046","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0047","unstructured":"Howard, A.G., Mobilenets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0048","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Facenet: a unified embedding for face recognition and clustering","author":"Schroff","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0049","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision","article-title":"Hybrid deep learning for face verification","author":"Sun","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0050","series-title":"Biometric Recognition: 13th Chinese Conference, CCBR 2018, Urumqi, China, August 11-12, 2018, Proceedings 13","article-title":"Mobilefacenets: efficient cnns for accurate real-time face verification on mobile devices","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0051","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision workshops","article-title":"Shufflefacenet: a lightweight face architecture for efficient and highly-accurate face recognition","author":"Martindez-Diaz","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.06.006","article-title":"Lightweight CNN-based head pose estimation using heatmaps and anthropometric facial measures","author":"Memon","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0053","series-title":"Advances in Biometrics: Third International Conference, ICB 2009, Alghero, Italy, June 2-5, 2009. Proceedings 3","article-title":"Why is facial occlusion a challenging problem?","author":"Ekenel","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemathilaka, S. and A. Aponso, A comprehensive study on occlusion invariant face recognition under face mask occlusion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.09089, 2022.","DOI":"10.5121\/csit.2021.111804"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0055","series-title":"Proceedings of ICRIC 2019: Recent Innovations in Computing","first-page":"495","article-title":"A comprehensive review on face recognition methods and factors affecting facial recognition accuracy","author":"Anwarul","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-018-0933-z","article-title":"Occlusion detection and restoration techniques for 3D face recognition: a literature review","volume":"29","author":"Dagnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-017-9578-y","article-title":"A survey on techniques to handle face recognition challenges: occlusion, single sample per subject and expression","volume":"52","author":"Lahasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0058","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey: face recognition techniques under partial occlusion","volume":"11","author":"Azeem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0059","series-title":"Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Machine Learning, Advances in Computing, Renewable Energy and Communication: MARC 2021","article-title":"Comparative analysis of face mask detection models","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.2021.3139058","article-title":"A survey on masked facial detection methods and datasets for fighting against COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.26.3.033009","article-title":"Varying face occlusion detection and iterative recovery for face recognition","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electron. ImAging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0062","series-title":"IEEE international joint conference on biometrics","article-title":"Aggregate channel features for multi-view face detection","author":"Yang","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0063","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation","author":"Girshick","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0064","unstructured":"Girshick, R., Fast r-cnn. arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.08083, 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0066","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"You only look once: unified, real-time object detection","author":"Redmon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01157-5","article-title":"Hierarchical attention for part-aware face detection","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0068","series-title":"Masquer hunter: Adversarial occlusion-Aware Face Detection","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0069","series-title":"Computer Vision\u2013ECCV2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11-14, 2016, Proceedings, Part III 14","article-title":"Grid loss: detecting occluded faces","author":"Opitz","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.244","article-title":"Face description with local binary patterns: application to face recognition","volume":"28","author":"Ahonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0071","series-title":"Proceedings of the seventh IEEE international conference on computer vision","article-title":"Object recognition from local scale-invariant features","author":"Lowe","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.884956","article-title":"Histogram of gabor phase patterns (hgpp): a novel object representation approach for face recognition","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0073","unstructured":"Ren, M., et al., Dynamic graph representation for partially occluded biometrics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.00377, 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.33140\/JAMSER.08.01.05","article-title":"A comparative study of PCA and LDA for dimensionality reduction in a 4-way classification framework","volume":"8","author":"Mabrouk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. App. Mat. Sci. & Eng. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.46","article-title":"Combining reconstructive and discriminative subspace methods for robust classification and regression by subsampling","volume":"28","author":"Fidler","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.79","article-title":"Robust face recognition via sparse representation","volume":"31","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.06.022","article-title":"Gabor feature based robust representation and classification for face recognition with Gabor occlusion dictionary","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pattern. Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.05.132","article-title":"Structured occlusion coding for robust face recognition","volume":"178","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.04.001","article-title":"Efficient locality-constrained occlusion coding for face recognition","volume":"260","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.12.021","article-title":"Learning robust and discriminative low-rank representations for face recognition with occlusion","volume":"66","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pattern. Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0081","series-title":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG)","article-title":"Improving the recognition of faces occluded by facial accessories","author":"Min","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0082","series-title":"2011 International Conference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing","article-title":"Occluded face recognition based on the improved SVM and block weighted LBP","author":"Chen","year":"2011"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.04.016","article-title":"Occlusion invariant face recognition using selective local non-negative matrix factorization basis images","volume":"26","author":"Oh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2013.08.001","article-title":"Face recognition on partially occluded images using compressed sensing","volume":"36","author":"Andr\u00e9s","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pattern. Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0085","series-title":"2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD)","article-title":"Face occlusion detection based on multi-task convolution neural network","author":"Xia","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0086","series-title":"2017 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP)","article-title":"Occlusion robust face recognition based on mask learning","author":"Wan","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.07.006","article-title":"Robust discriminative nonnegative dictionary learning for occluded face recognition","volume":"107","author":"Ou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern. Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2021.06.007","article-title":"Generative adversarial networks for unbalanced fetal heart rate signal classification","author":"Puspitasari","year":"2022","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.103","article-title":"Glasses removal from facial image using recursive error compensation","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2012.04.031","article-title":"Reconstruction based face occlusion elimination for recognition","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocomputing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0091","series-title":"2009 IEEE 12th international conference on computer vision","article-title":"Face recognition with contiguous occlusion using markov random fields","author":"Zhou","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-022-02308-x","article-title":"Unconstrained face mask and face-hand interaction datasets: building a computer vision system to help prevent the transmission of COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Eyiokur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal. Image Video Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0093","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bias-aware face mask detection dataset","author":"Kantarc\u0131","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0094","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hybrid transfer learning and broad learning system for wearing mask detection in the COVID-19 era","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2771408","article-title":"Robust LSTM-autoencoders for face de-occlusion in the wild","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0096","series-title":"2017 IEEE International conference on image processing (ICIP)","article-title":"Occlusion-aware face inpainting via generative adversarial networks","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0097","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF winter conference on applications of computer vision","article-title":"Complete face recovery gan: unsupervised joint face rotation and de-occlusion from a single-view image","author":"Ju","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.04.004","article-title":"A new method for 3D face reconstruction using transformers based on action unit features","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0099","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval","article-title":"Facial structure guided gan for identity-preserved face image de-occlusion","author":"Cheung","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0100","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning, Advances in Computing, Renewable Energy and Communication","article-title":"Masked face recognition using transfer learning and the random forest algorithm","author":"Mishra","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0101","unstructured":"Wang, X., et al., A survey of face recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.13038, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.109142","article-title":"PLFace: progressive learning for face recognition with mask bias","volume":"135","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pattern. Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2025.3599040","article-title":"DALFace: dynamic association learning for face recognition","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0104","series-title":"2006 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR'06)","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction by learning an invariant mapping","author":"Hadsell","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0105","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Going deeper with convolutions","author":"Szegedy","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0106","unstructured":"Simonyan, K., Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3132827","article-title":"Locality-aware channel-wise dropout for occluded face recognition","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0108","series-title":"Computer Vision\u2013ECCV2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11-14, 2016, Proceedings, Part III 14","article-title":"Ms-celeb-1m: a dataset and benchmark for large-scale face recognition","author":"Guo","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0109","series-title":"2018 international conference on biometrics (ICB)","article-title":"Iarpa janus benchmark-c: face dataset and protocol","author":"Maze","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0110","series-title":"Workshop on faces in'Real-Life'Images: detection, alignment, and recognition","article-title":"Labeled faces in the wild: a database forstudying face recognition in unconstrained environments","author":"Huang","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0111","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"The megaface benchmark: 1 million faces for recognition at scale","author":"Kemelmacher-Shlizerman","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0112","first-page":"294","article-title":"Study on masked face detection and recognition using transfer learning","volume":"10","author":"Kwak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Cult. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0113","series-title":"2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC)","article-title":"Face mask recognition system with YOLOV5 based on image recognition","author":"Yang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0115","series-title":"2023 14th IIAI International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAI-AAI)","article-title":"Development of semi-automatic image annotation using object recognition","author":"Tanioka","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0116","author":"Tzutalin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0117","author":"Sam Yuen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0118","unstructured":"Anwar, A. and A. Raychowdhury, Masked face recognition for secure authentication. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.11104, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0119","first-page":"1755","article-title":"Dlib-ml: a machine learning toolkit","volume":"10","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0120","series-title":"2018 13th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition (FG2018)","article-title":"Vggface2: a dataset for recognising faces across pose and age","author":"Cao","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0121","series-title":"2022 16th International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS)","article-title":"Boosting masked face recognition with multi-task arcface","author":"Montero","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2021.108473","article-title":"Self-restrained triplet loss for accurate masked face recognition","volume":"124","author":"Boutros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pattern. Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngan, M.L., P.J. Grother, and K.K. Hanaoka, Ongoing face recognition vendor test (FRVT) part 6A: face recognition accuracy with masks using pre-COVID-19 algorithms. 2020.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8311"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0124","series-title":"2020 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","article-title":"The effect of wearing a mask on face recognition performance: an exploratory study","author":"Damer","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0125","series-title":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","article-title":"A large-scale clinical benchmark of ResNet-based deep models for newborn face recognition","author":"Wu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.10.022","article-title":"Dual-proxy modeling for masked face recognition","volume":"208","author":"Shuhui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0127","article-title":"Face recognition under mask-wearing based on residual inception networks","author":"Moungsouy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.05.022","article-title":"More trainable inception-ResNet for face recognition","volume":"411","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0129","unstructured":"Yi, D., et al., Learning face representation from scratch. arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.7923, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0130","series-title":"2020 international conference on computer network, electronic and automation (ICCNEA)","article-title":"Research on face detection technology based on MTCNN","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0131","series-title":"2017 4th international conference on information science and control engineering (ICISCE)","article-title":"Joint face detection and facial expression recognition with MTCNN","author":"Xiang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0132","unstructured":"Gordon-Rodriguez, E., et al., Uses and abuses of the cross-entropy loss: case studies in modern deep learning. 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0133","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Control and Computer Vision","article-title":"Masked face recognition using MobileNetV2","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2020.100144","article-title":"MaskedFace-Net\u2013A dataset of correctly\/incorrectly masked face images in the context of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Cabani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44276","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977386","article-title":"A novel GAN-based network for unmasking of masked face","volume":"8","author":"Din","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEe Access."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0136","series-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted intervention\u2013MICCAI2015: 18th International conference, Munich, Germany, October 5-9, 2015, proceedings, Part III 18","article-title":"U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0137","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks","author":"Isola","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0138","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision","article-title":"Deep learning face attributes in the wild","author":"Liu","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073659","article-title":"Globally and locally consistent image completion","volume":"36","author":"Iizuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0140","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Generative image inpainting with contextual attention","author":"Yu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0141","unstructured":"Nazeri, K., et al., Edgeconnect: generative image inpainting with adversarial edge learning. arXiv 2019. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.00212, 2020. 2."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0142","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Interactive removal of microphone object in facial images","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electronics. (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-021-02050-w","article-title":"Efficient masked face recognition method during the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Hariri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal. Image Video Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"60","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0145","unstructured":"O'Hara, S. and B.A. Draper, Introduction to the bag of features paradigm for image classification and retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:1101.3354, 2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2023.3242085","article-title":"Masked face recognition dataset and application","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02728-1","article-title":"Masked face recognition with convolutional neural networks and local binary patterns","volume":"52","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0148","unstructured":"Deng, J., et al., Retinaface: single-stage dense face localisation in the wild. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00641, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0149","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Feature pyramid networks for object detection","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0150","series-title":"Advances in Biometrics: International Conference, ICB 2007, Seoul, Korea, August 27-29, 2007. Proceedings","article-title":"Learning multi-scale block local binary patterns for face recognition","author":"Liao","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0151","author":"Spacek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-020-02100-9","article-title":"Cropping and attention based approach for masked face recognition","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2603342","article-title":"Joint face detection and alignment using multitask cascaded convolutional networks","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEe Signal. Process. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0154","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision","article-title":"Occlusion robust face recognition based on mask learning with pairwise differential siamese network","author":"Song","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0155","series-title":"2022 S International Conference on Power, Control and Computing Technologies (ICPC2T)","article-title":"Masked face recognition using deep learning based on unmasked area","author":"Firdaus","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0156","unstructured":"Bochkovskiy, A., C.-Y. Wang, and H.-Y.M. Liao, Yolov4: optimal speed and accuracy of object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10934, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0157","series-title":"Proceedings of the 24th ACM international conference on Multimedia","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural network with independent softmax for large scale face recognition","author":"Wu","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.04.025","article-title":"Deep face recognition using imperfect facial data","volume":"99","author":"Elmahmudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0159","series-title":"2018 international conference on cyberworlds (CW)","article-title":"Experiments on deep face recognition using partial faces","author":"Elmahmudi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0160","series-title":"2020 4rd International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM)","article-title":"Towards facial recognition problem in COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Mundial","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-03150-3","article-title":"Masked-face recognition using deep metric learning and FaceMaskNet-21","volume":"52","author":"Golwalkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0162","series-title":"International Conference on Advanced Network Technologies and Intelligent Computing","article-title":"A siamese neural network-based face recognition from masked faces","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0163","article-title":"Signature verification using a\" siamese\" time delay neural network","volume":"6","author":"Bromley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0164","series-title":"2005 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR'05)","article-title":"Learning a similarity metric discriminatively, with application to face verification","author":"Chopra","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0165","unstructured":"Mehta, P., Celebrity face Dataset. 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0168","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqab049","article-title":"Precision verification: effect of experiment design on false acceptance and false rejection rates","volume":"156","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0170","series-title":"2020 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence)","article-title":"Comparative analysis of opencv recognisers for face recognition","author":"Khurana","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0171","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Detecting masked faces in the wild with lle-cnns","author":"Ge","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benhabiles, H., et al., MaskedFace-Net\u2013A dataset of correctly\/incorrectly masked face images in the context of COVID-19. 2021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2020.100144"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0173","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"A style-based generator architecture for generative adversarial networks","author":"Karras","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0174","first-page":"837","article-title":"Real-time face mask detection method based on YOLOv3","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0175","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","article-title":"Wider face: a face detection benchmark","author":"Yang","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052070","article-title":"How to correctly detect face-masks for covid-19 from visual information?","volume":"11","author":"Batagelj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0177","unstructured":"FaceMaskDetection: detect faces and determine whether people are wearing mask. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/AIZOOTech\/FaceMaskDetection."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-020-00157-z","article-title":"MOXA: a deep learning based unmanned approach for real-time monitoring of people wearing medical masks","volume":"5","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Indian National Acad. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0179","unstructured":"K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, K. and J. Joo, Fairface: face attribute dataset for balanced race, gender, and age. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.04913, 2019."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16692-0","article-title":"Real time face mask detection on a novel dataset for COVID-19 prevention","volume":"83","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0185","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","article-title":"A 3D model-based approach for fitting masks to faces in the wild","author":"Hong","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0186","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM international conference on multimedia","article-title":"Masked face recognition with generative data augmentation and domain constrained ranking","author":"Geng","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0187","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM international Conference on multimedia","article-title":"Masked face recognition with latent part detection","author":"Ding","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0188","series-title":"2019 International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI)","article-title":"A new benchmark on american sign language recognition using convolutional neural network","author":"Rahman","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0189","unstructured":"Mare, T., et al., A realistic approach to generate masked faces applied on two novel masked face recognition data sets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.01745, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0190","series-title":"2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG2021)","article-title":"Mask-invariant face recognition through template-level knowledge distillation","author":"Huber","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.10.025","article-title":"Masked face recognition with convolutional visual self-attention network","volume":"518","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7310","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167310","article-title":"MFCosface: a masked-face recognition algorithm based on large margin cosine loss","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.12.017","article-title":"A novel DeepMaskNet model for face mask detection and masked facial recognition","volume":"34","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0194","series-title":"ICASSP 2021-2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","article-title":"When face recognition meets occlusion: a new benchmark","author":"Huang","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2022.03.002","article-title":"Security methods for AI based COVID-19 analysis system: a survey","volume":"8","author":"Shamshiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007_bib0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3027849","article-title":"Dual-path deep fusion network for face image hallucination","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."}],"container-title":["ICT Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405959525002061?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405959525002061?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1783344203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405959525002061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405959525002061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-9595"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-9595","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comprehensive survey on masked face recognition techniques using deep learning: Motivations, research progress, and future challenges","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"ICT Express","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icte.2025.12.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}