{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:47:55Z","timestamp":1785880075128,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AFA020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCNU25ai007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCNU25ai007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013804","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62377022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62377022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62293552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62293552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005234","name":"Central China Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCNU25JG08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCNU25JG08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Internet and Higher Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:39:36Z","timestamp":1780936776000},"page":"101093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Emotion dynamics in online learning communities: Temporal networks, motifs, and links to achievement"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4094-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yewei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sannyuya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b1","series-title":"Proceedings of the 17th international conference on world wide web","first-page":"665","article-title":"Knowledge sharing and yahoo answers: everyone knows something","author":"Adamic","year":"2008"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i241","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn163","article-title":"Biomolecular network motif counting and discovery by color coding","volume":"24","author":"Alon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1457544","article-title":"Seeking optimal confusion: a review on epistemic emotion management in interactive digital learning environments","volume":"27","author":"Arguel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b4","article-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b5","series-title":"Network science","author":"Barab\u00e1si","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2307\/3094912","article-title":"The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior","volume":"47","author":"Barsade","year":"2002","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1100.0641","article-title":"On network theory","volume":"22","author":"Borgatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b8","series-title":"Structural holes: The social structure of competition","author":"BURT","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b9","first-page":"57","article-title":"The social structure of competition","volume":"13","author":"Burt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Networks in the Knowledge Economy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.90.052825","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of time-resolved social interactions","volume":"90","author":"Cardillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106880","article-title":"The dynamics of a MOOC\u2019s learner-learner interaction over time: A longitudinal network analysis","volume":"123","author":"Castellanos-Reyes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b12","first-page":"123","article-title":"Should instructors require discussion in online courses? Effects of online discussion on community of inquiry, learner time, satisfaction, and achievement","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.8.676","article-title":"Social relationships and health","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b14","series-title":"Networks in the knowledge economy","article-title":"Social capital in the creation of human capital","author":"Coleman","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osnem.2017.10.001","article-title":"Automatic controversy detection in social media: A content-independent motif-based approach","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Coletto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Online Social Networks and Media"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.08.005","article-title":"A review of methodological applications of social network analysis in computer-supported collaborative learning","volume":"22","author":"Dado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.00970.x","article-title":"\u2018Seeing\u2019 the learning community: An exploration of the development of a resource for monitoring online student networking","volume":"41","author":"Dawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b18","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers)","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b19","first-page":"1","article-title":"What do you mean by collaborative learning?","author":"Dillenbourg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Collaborative-Learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001","article-title":"Dynamics of affective states during complex learning","volume":"22","author":"D\u2019Mello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.218","article-title":"The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions","volume":"56","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(78)90021-7","article-title":"Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.07.003","article-title":"SENS: Network analytics to combine social and cognitive perspectives of collaborative learning","volume":"92","author":"Ga\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b24","series-title":"Scaffolding language, scaffolding learning","author":"Gibbons","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.05.004","article-title":"Communication patterns in massively open online courses","volume":"23","author":"Gillani","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12129","article-title":"Connecting performance to social structure and pedagogy as a pathway to scaling learning analytics in MOOCs: an exploratory study","volume":"32","author":"Goggins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420901574","article-title":"Collective emotions","volume":"29","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-023-09370-5","article-title":"Sentiment analysis for formative assessment in higher education: a systematic literature review","volume":"36","author":"Grimalt-\u00c1lvaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271","article-title":"The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106843","article-title":"Identifying patterns of epistemic emotions with respect to interactions in massive online open courses using deep learning and social network analysis","volume":"122","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10770953","article-title":"Emotional contagion","volume":"2","author":"Hatfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b32","series-title":"Building virtual communities: learning and change in cyberspace","first-page":"159","article-title":"Building social networks via computer networks: Creating and sustaining distributed learning communities","author":"Haythornthwaite","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2015-60657-4","article-title":"Modern temporal network theory: a colloquium","volume":"88","author":"Holme","year":"2015","journal-title":"The European Physical Journal B"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2012.03.001","article-title":"Temporal networks","volume":"519","author":"Holme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physics Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.05.015","article-title":"Investigating students\u2019 interaction patterns and dynamic learning sentiments in online discussions","volume":"140","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.6749","article-title":"Sentiment evolution with interaction levels in blended learning environments: Using learning analytics and epistemic network analysis","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.6749","article-title":"Sentiment evolution with interaction levels in blended learning environments: Using learning analytics and epistemic network analysis","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b38","series-title":"Cognition in the wild","author":"Hutchins","year":"1995"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.25046\/aj030523","article-title":"NemoMap : Improved Motif-centric Network Motif Discovery Algorithm","volume":"3","author":"Huynh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50918-5","article-title":"The temporal dynamics of group interactions in higher-order social networks","volume":"15","author":"Iacopini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2015.1075400","article-title":"Understanding regulated learning in situative and contextual frameworks","volume":"50","author":"J\u00e4rvenoja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.8278","article-title":"A novel controllability method on complex temporal networks based on temporal motifs","volume":"36","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12168","article-title":"Three interaction patterns on asynchronous online discussion behaviours: A methodological comparison","volume":"33","author":"Jo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b44","series-title":"Cyberemotions: collective emotions in cyberspace","first-page":"37","article-title":"The psychology of (cyber)emotions","author":"Kappas","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b45","article-title":"Strategic help seeking: Implications for learning and teaching","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04001","article-title":"Time varying networks and the weakness of strong ties","volume":"4","author":"Karsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9014-4","article-title":"Specifying computer-supported collaboration scripts","volume":"2","author":"Kobbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b48","series-title":"Proceedings IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies","first-page":"43","article-title":"An affective model of interplay between emotions and learning: Reengineering educational pedagogy-building a learning companion","author":"Kort","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2008.11.021","article-title":"Temporal graphs","volume":"388","author":"Kostakos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physica A. Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.06.002","article-title":"Analytics of communities of inquiry: Effects of learning technology use on cognitive presence in asynchronous online discussions","volume":"27","author":"Kovanovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/109493104323024429","article-title":"Determining sociability, social space, and social presence in (a)synchronous collaborative groups","volume":"7","author":"Kreijns","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology & Behavior : The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.06.004","article-title":"Emotion dynamics","volume":"17","author":"Kuppens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0115-6","article-title":"An analysis of emotion-exchange motifs in multiplex networks during emergency events","volume":"4","author":"Ku\u0161en","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Network Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106883","article-title":"Building blocks of communication networks in times of crises: Emotion-exchange motifs","volume":"123","author":"Ku\u0161en","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"6366","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai7488","article-title":"The fundamental advantages of temporal networks","volume":"358","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102818","article-title":"An influence maximization method based on crowd emotion under an emotion-based attribute social network","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b57","article-title":"Exploring the relationships among teacher\u2013student dynamics, learning enjoyment, and burnout in EFL students: the role of emotional intelligence","volume":"Volume 14 - 2023","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2017.05.001","article-title":"Ranking in evolving complex networks","volume":"689","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physics Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/91667","article-title":"Exploring students\u2019 engagement patterns in SPOC forums and their association with course performance","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.104026","article-title":"Research on learner \u201cemotion-behavior-ability\u201d characteristics based on MOOC online education user profiles","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1610449","article-title":"Temporal emotion-aspect modeling for discovering what students are concerned about in online course forums","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001434","article-title":"Network structure and the role of key players in a translational cancer research network: a study protocol","volume":"2","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.013","article-title":"Building and regulating cognitive, linguistic, and interactional aspects of knowledge between the individual and the group","volume":"100","author":"Lund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1086\/229205","volume":"94","author":"Maines","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"5594","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1126\/science.298.5594.824","article-title":"Network motifs: Simple building blocks of complex networks","volume":"298","author":"Milo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.04.008","article-title":"Network motifs in cellular neurophysiology","volume":"47","author":"Mittal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b67","series-title":"NRC emotion lexicon","author":"Mohammad","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2020.1811645","article-title":"Educators\u2019 emotions involved in the transition to online teaching in higher education","volume":"40","author":"Naylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Higher Education Research & Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y","article-title":"Likert scales, levels of measurement and the \u201claws\u201d of statistics","volume":"15","author":"Norman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2017.07.002","article-title":"The influences of an experienced instructor\u2019s discussion design and facilitation on an online learning community development: A social network analysis study","volume":"35","author":"Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.774","article-title":"Processes of social learning in integrated resources management","volume":"14","author":"Pahl-Wostl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b72","series-title":"Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on web search and data mining","first-page":"601","article-title":"Motifs in temporal networks","author":"Paranjape","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9029-9","article-title":"The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice","volume":"18","author":"Pekrun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b74","series-title":"Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001","author":"Pennebaker","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b75","series-title":"Affective computing","author":"Picard","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2014.01.004","article-title":"Understanding (in)formal learning in an academic development programme: A social network perspective","volume":"39","author":"Rienties","year":"2014","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073908097189","article-title":"Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review","volume":"1","author":"Rim\u00e9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b79","series-title":"Learning analytics methods and tutorials: a practical guide using r","first-page":"541","article-title":"Temporal network analysis: Introduction, methods and analysis with r","author":"Saqr","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b80","series-title":"The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences","author":"Sawyer","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b81","series-title":"Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research","first-page":"92","article-title":"Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking","author":"Scherer","year":"2001"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3648470","article-title":"Social network analysis: A survey on process, tools, and application","volume":"56","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073915590614","article-title":"Dynamics of group-based emotions: Insights from intergroup emotions theory","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2012.07.041","article-title":"Social learning in regional innovation networks: trust, commitment and reframing as emergent properties of interaction","volume":"49","author":"Sol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/1463631022000005016","article-title":"Building learning communities in online courses: the importance of interaction","volume":"2","author":"Swan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Education, Communication & Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b86","first-page":"37","article-title":"CHAPTER TWO - cognitive load theory","volume":"vol. 55","author":"Sweller","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-017-9135-3","article-title":"The nature and level of learner\u2013learner interaction in a chemistry massive open online course (MOOC)","volume":"29","author":"Tawfik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592","article-title":"Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health","volume":"52","author":"Thoits","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b89","series-title":"Complex networks & their applications XIII","first-page":"150","article-title":"Decoding decentralized finance transactions through ego network motif mining","author":"Tovanich","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BBI.S23619","DOI":"10.4137\/BBI.S23619","article-title":"Cross-disciplinary detection and analysis of network motifs","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics and Biology Insights"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2078985","article-title":"Exploring dynamics of emotional reactions in online collaboration of communities of learners and their relations with learning outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Verena Watzek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b92","article-title":"Integrating artificial intelligence to assess emotions in learning environments: a systematic literature review","volume":"Volume 15 - 2024","author":"Vistorte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b93","series-title":"Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes","author":"Vygotsky","year":"1978"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106132","article-title":"Identification of important nodes in directed biological networks: A network motif approach","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2024.102231","article-title":"The dynamic emotional experience of online fraud victims during the process of being defrauded: A text-based analysis","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","article-title":"Social network analysis: Methods and applications.","author":"Wasserman","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b97","first-page":"73","article-title":"Chapter two - affect contagion: Physiologic covariation and linkage offer insight into socially shared thoughts, emotions, and experiences","volume":"vol. 67","author":"West","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-012-9230-9","article-title":"Broadening the notion of participation in online discussions: examining patterns in learners\u2019 online listening behaviors","volume":"41","author":"Wise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5944\/openpraxis.10.4.910","article-title":"Findings from a case study on refugees using MOOCs to (re)enter higher education","volume":"10","author":"Witthaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Praxis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11706","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3367873","article-title":"Motif-based contrastive learning for community detection","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b101","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th international learning analytics and knowledge conference","first-page":"851","article-title":"Capturing the temporal dynamics of learner interactions in moocs: A comprehensive approach with longitudinal and inferential network analysis","author":"Xiang","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12097-6","article-title":"Examining the effects of different forms of teacher feedback intervention for learners\u2019 cognitive and emotional interaction in online collaborative discussion: A visualization method for process mining based on text automatic analysis","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-024-00625-3","article-title":"Influence maximization on temporal networks: a review","volume":"9","author":"Yanchenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Network Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1431","article-title":"Detecting communities using social network analysis in online learning environments: Systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Yassine","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5934","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306752101","article-title":"Network motifs in integrated cellular networks of transcription\u2013regulation and protein\u2013protein interaction","volume":"101","author":"Yeger-Lotem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2024.3364059","article-title":"Motif-driven contrastive learning of graph representations","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102478","article-title":"Language learners\u2019 enjoyment and emotion regulation in online collaborative learning","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b108","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management","first-page":"1645","article-title":"Communication motifs: a tool to characterize social communications","author":"Zhao","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1826985","article-title":"Sentiment analysis in education research: a review of journal publications","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093_b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106582","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between social presence and learners\u2019 prestige in MOOC discussion forums using automated content analysis and social network analysis","volume":"115","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"}],"container-title":["The Internet and Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096751626000205?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096751626000205?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:08:13Z","timestamp":1785877693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1096751626000205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["S1096751626000205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-7516"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-7516","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Emotion dynamics in online learning communities: Temporal networks, motifs, and links to achievement","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Internet and Higher Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101093","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101093"}}