{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:24:06Z","timestamp":1785529446477,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002573","name":"Yonsei University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T16:20:19Z","timestamp":1768494019000},"page":"103738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Are we close enough? Impact of stress management chatbot\u2019s self-disclosure and relationship types on user\u2019s self-disclosure, trust, intimacy, and anonymity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Soohyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4981-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younah","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01056-y","article-title":"Big five model personality traits and job burnout: a systematic literature review","volume":"11","author":"Angelini","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib95","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of using chatbots to improve mental health: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Abd-Alrazaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Int. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079919873934","article-title":"The role of peer support in managing occupational stress: a qualitative study of the sustaining Resilience at Work intervention","volume":"68","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0003","series-title":"Social penetration: The Development of Interpersonal Relationships","author":"Altman","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0264-3944.2004.00312.x","article-title":"Asian secondary school students\u2019 help-seeking behaviour and preference for counsellor characteristics","author":"Ang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pastor. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.33.3.326","article-title":"Afro-American preference for counsellor characteristics","volume":"33","author":"Atkinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2753\/JOA0091-3367410105","article-title":"Stay away from me: examining the determinants of consumer avoidance of personalized advertising","volume":"41","author":"Baek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Advert."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01434995","article-title":"Constructing social systems through computer-mediated communication","volume":"4","author":"Becker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virtual. Real."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0008","first-page":"71","article-title":"The client's perspective on forming a counseling alliance and implications for research on counselor training","volume":"39","author":"Bedi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Couns. Psychother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0009","series-title":"Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change","article-title":"Therapist variables","author":"Beutler","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0010","series-title":"EdMedia+ Innovate Learning","first-page":"2295","article-title":"Sharing secrets with robots?","author":"Bhakta","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0011","series-title":"ECCE 2022 \u2013 Proceedings of the 33rd European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","first-page":"1","article-title":"Usability testing and trust analysis of a mental health and wellbeing chatbot","author":"Boyd","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib96","series-title":"Identity theory","author":"Burke","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0012","series-title":"Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills","first-page":"551","article-title":"Emotional support skills","author":"Burleson","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0013","series-title":"The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social penetration theory","author":"Carpenter","year":"2016"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135889","article-title":"AI chatbots for mental health: A scoping review of effectiveness, feasibility, and applications","volume":"14","author":"Casu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0014","series-title":"The 6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems, and The 13th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligence Systems","first-page":"21","article-title":"A semantic architecture for artificial conversations","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0015","first-page":"316","article-title":"Development of the revised life stress scale for college students","volume":"5","author":"Chon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Korean J. Health Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.457","article-title":"Self-disclosure and liking: a meta-analytic review","volume":"116","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0018","series-title":"Chatbot Research and Design. Conversations 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science","article-title":"36 Questions to loving a chatbot: are people willing to self-disclose to a chatbot?","volume":"12604","author":"Croes","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwae016","article-title":"Digital confessions: the willingness to disclose intimate information to a chatbot and its impact on emotional well-being","volume":"36","author":"Croes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","first-page":"193","article-title":"Wizard of Oz studies: why and how","author":"Dahlb\u00e4ck","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0021","series-title":"Students in South Korea Begin to Value Self-Care Amid Academic Pressures","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0022","series-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201923)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trust and perceived control in burnout support chatbots","volume":"295","author":"Degachi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0023","series-title":"Self-Disclosure","author":"Derlega","year":"1993"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci9110187","article-title":"Too much of a good thing: social capital and academic stress in South Korea","volume":"9","author":"Dufur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib93","unstructured":"Flaherty, C., 2023a. Student health and wellness survey: The top 10 takeaways. Inside Higher Ed. Available at: https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/student-success\/health-wellness\/2023\/08\/07\/10-takeaways-college-student-health-and-wellness [Accessed 16 December 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib94","unstructured":"Flaherty, C., 2023b. Survey: Half of college students with mental health issues haven\u2019t accessed care. Inside Higher Ed. Available at: https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/student-success\/health-wellness\/2023\/05\/26\/gaps-mental-health-care-college-students [Accessed 16 December 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0026","series-title":"The Digital Pill: What Everyone Should Know About the Future of Our Healthcare System","first-page":"81","article-title":"Digital therapeutics","author":"Fleisch","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.9782","article-title":"Using psychological artificial intelligence (Tess) to relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Fulmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib99","series-title":"The presentation of self in everyday life","author":"Goffman","year":"1959"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124344","article-title":"Standardised mindfulness-based interventions in healthcare: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs","volume":"10","author":"Gotink","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2307\/2092623","article-title":"The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement","volume":"25","author":"Gouldner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/70698","article-title":"Predicting engagement with conversational agents in mental health therapy by examining the role of epistemic trust, personality, and fear of intimacy: cross-sectional web-based survey study","volume":"12","author":"Guglielmucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.009","article-title":"Voices in and of the machine: source orientation toward mobile virtual assistants","volume":"90","author":"Guzman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.40.6.1150","article-title":"Self-disclosure and marital satisfaction","volume":"40","author":"Hendrick","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqy026","article-title":"Psychological, relational, and emotional effects of self-disclosure after conversations with a chatbot","volume":"68","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0034","series-title":"Self-disclosure","first-page":"168","author":"Hill","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0035","first-page":"987","article-title":"The nature and evolution of the mentoring relationship","volume":"14","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. High. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib100","unstructured":"Hirabayashi, S., Jain, R., Jurkovi\u0107, N. and Wu, G., 2024. Harvard undergraduate survey on generative AI. arXiv preprint. Available at: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.00833 [Accessed 20 December 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0036","first-page":"22","article-title":"Measuring perceived anonymity: the development of a context independent instrument","volume":"5","author":"Hite","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Methods Meas. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0037","series-title":"Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Towards a method for evaluating naturalness in conversational dialog systems","author":"Hung","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0038","article-title":"Privacy concerns in chatbot interactions","volume":"11970","author":"Ischen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chatbot Research and Design. Conversations 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2010.01393.x","article-title":"The disclosure\u2013intimacy link in computer-mediated communication: an attributional extension of the hyperpersonal model","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.25.6.557","article-title":"Students\u2019 sex preferences and sex role expectations for counsellors","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2006.00274.x","article-title":"How does the comforting process work? An empirical test of an appraisal-based model of comforting","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0042","series-title":"RANLP 2017 - Student Research Workshop","first-page":"17","article-title":"Evaluating dialogs based on Grice\u2019s maxims","author":"Jwalapuram","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2163775","article-title":"Counseling chatbot design: the effect of anthropomorphic chatbot characteristics on user self-disclosure and companionship","volume":"40","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0044","article-title":"Theory and practice of counseling","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hakjisa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300500264911","article-title":"Therapist effects in psychotherapy: a random effects modeling of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program data","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychother. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.44.3.274","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of client perceptions of the effects of helpful therapist self-disclosure in long-term therapy","volume":"44","author":"Knox","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0048","series-title":"How South Korea\u2019s Academic Pressure Fueling Youth Mental Health Emergency. Retrieved from Korea Pro","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0049","series-title":"Professionals Center for Business Research","first-page":"02","article-title":"Commercial chatbot: performance evaluation, usability metrics and quality standards of embodied conversational agents","author":"Kuligowska","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.19.2.314","article-title":"The interpersonal process model of intimacy in marriage: a daily-diary and multilevel modeling approach","volume":"19","author":"Laurenceau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0052","first-page":"69","article-title":"Validity and application of the Life Stress Scale for university students","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.02.005","article-title":"Enhancing user experience with conversational agent for movie recommendation: Effects of self-disclosure and reciprocity","volume":"103","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internat. J. Human-Comp. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392","article-title":"Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.12934\/jkpmhn.1998.7.1.81","article-title":"Strategies of stress management for health promotion","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0055","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","article-title":"I hear you, I feel you\u201d: encouraging deep self-disclosure through a chatbot","author":"Lee","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0056","series-title":"International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","first-page":"264","article-title":"Empathy-based Communication Framework for chatbots: a mental health chatbot application and evaluation","author":"Lin","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nft038","article-title":"Why do survey respondents disclose more when computers ask the questions?","volume":"77","author":"Lind","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Opin. Quart."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.043","article-title":"It\u2019s only a computer: virtual humans increase willingness to disclose","volume":"37","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Hancock, J., & Naaman, M., 2016. Anonymity, intimacy and self-disclosure in social media. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3857\u20133869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2858036.2858414.","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858414"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0059","series-title":"Test Theory: A Unified Treatment","author":"McDonald","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0060","first-page":"433","article-title":"A typology of roles for avatars in online retailing","volume":"24","author":"McGoldrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mark. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/h0095032","article-title":"Peer support: a theoretical perspective","volume":"25","author":"Mead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Rehabil. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmab005","article-title":"Emotional support from AI chatbots: Should a supportive partner self-disclose or not?","volume":"26","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp.-Mediat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4605_12","article-title":"The Assessment of Social Intimacy","volume":"46","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80013-5","article-title":"Trust between humans and machines, and the design of decision aides","volume":"27","author":"Muir","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Man. Mach. Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153","article-title":"Machines and mindlessness: social responses to computers","volume":"56","author":"Nass","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28663","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03932-z","article-title":"Effect of AI chatbot emotional disclosure on user satisfaction and reuse intention for mental health counseling: a serial mediation model","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0067","article-title":"Guidance and counseling professional ethics: a systematic literature review","volume":"10","author":"Pristanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans. e-Learn."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2019.08.005","article-title":"bot we trust: a new methodology of chatbot performance measures","volume":"62","author":"Przegalinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0069","series-title":"Evaluating Quality of Chatbots and Intelligent Conversational Agents","author":"Radziwill","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravichander, A., Black, A.W., (2018). An empirical study of self-disclosure in spoken dialogue systems. In: Proceedings of the 19th Annual SIGdial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue. Association for Computational Linguistics, 253\u2013263.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5030"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0070","series-title":"The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places","author":"Reeves","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106359","article-title":"Effects of personalization and social role in voice shopping: an experimental study on product recommendation by a conversational voice agent","volume":"109","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x","article-title":"A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust","volume":"35","author":"Rotter","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2020.1790204","article-title":"The impact of chatbot conversational skill on engagement and perceived humanness","volume":"37","author":"Schuetzler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manage Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0074","series-title":"A Primer on Communication and Communicative Disorders","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0075","first-page":"213","article-title":"Human versus machine: contingency factors of anthropomorphism as a trust-inducing design strategy for conversational agents","volume":"10939","author":"Seeger","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0076","series-title":"Universal Access Theoretical Perspectives, Practice, and Experience","first-page":"360","article-title":"Evaluation and validation of a conversational agent embodied in a bookstore","volume":"2615","author":"Semeraro","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0077","first-page":"284","article-title":"ALICE: an ACE in Digitaland. tripleC: communication, capitalism & critique","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Open Access J. Glob. Sustain. Inf. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0078","first-page":"29","article-title":"Chatbots: are they really useful?","volume":"22","author":"Shawar","year":"2007","journal-title":"LDV Forum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1102_1","article-title":"When the interface is a face","volume":"11","author":"Sproull","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.017","article-title":"Taking turns: reciprocal self-disclosure promotes liking in initial interactions","volume":"49","author":"Sprecher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2307\/2695870","article-title":"Identity theory and social identity theory","volume":"63","author":"Stets","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Psych. Quart."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib106","series-title":"Handbook of Social Psychology","first-page":"31","article-title":"Identity theory","author":"Stets","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/00343552030470010601","article-title":"Counsellor preferences of clients entering a counsellor-training clinic","volume":"47","author":"Strohmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rehabil. Couns. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/009365000027006001","article-title":"Source orientation in human\u2013computer interaction: programmer, networker or independent social actor?","volume":"27","author":"Sundar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Communic Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","article-title":"Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha","volume":"2","author":"Tavakol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00032-8","article-title":"Humanizing self-administered surveys: experiments on social presence in web and IVR surveys","volume":"19","author":"Tourangeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0085","article-title":"Trusting emotional support from generative artificial intelligence: a conceptual review","volume":"5","author":"Volpato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav.: Artif. Hum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0086","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201925)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding attitudes and trust of generative AI chatbots for social anxiety support","volume":"1123","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/365153.365168","article-title":"ELIZA\u2014a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine","volume":"9","author":"Weizenbaum","year":"1966","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib109","series-title":"Understanding interpersonal communication: Making choices in changing times","isbn-type":"print","author":"West","year":"2009","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9781439048320"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib108","series-title":"Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application","author":"West","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib110","unstructured":"Westin, A.F., 1968. Privacy and freedom. Washington and Lee Law Review, 25, 166\u2013190. Available at: https:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu\/wlulr\/vol25\/iss1\/20 [Accessed 16 December 2024]."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00494.x","article-title":"Conceptualization and measurement of reported self-disclosure","volume":"2","author":"Wheeless","year":"1976","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00523.x","article-title":"The measurement of trust and its relationship to self-disclosure","volume":"3","author":"Wheeless","year":"1977","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10110416","article-title":"21-day stress detox: Open trial of a universal well-being chatbot for young adults","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/59908","article-title":"A new research model for artificial intelligence-based well-being chatbot engagement: survey study","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib112","series-title":"Designing Effective Stress Management Chatbots: The Impact of Chatbot\u2019s Self-Disclosure and Relationship Type on User\u2019s Self-Disclosure, Trust, Intimacy and Anonymity. Master Thesis","author":"Yoon","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738_bib0090","series-title":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC)","first-page":"4094","article-title":"Self-adapting chatbot personalities for better peer support","author":"Yorita","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071581926000133?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071581926000133?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:52:53Z","timestamp":1774011173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071581926000133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["S1071581926000133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-5819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-5819","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Are we close enough? Impact of stress management chatbot\u2019s self-disclosure and relationship types on user\u2019s self-disclosure, trust, intimacy, and anonymity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2026.103738","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103738"}}