{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:47:28Z","timestamp":1771051648968,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Medical Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,7]],"date-time":"2007-06-07T19:36:50Z","timestamp":1181245010000},"page":"226-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Distributed cognition: An alternative model of cognition for medical informatics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Hazlehurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmit K.","family":"McMullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib1","series-title":"A History of Medical Informatics in the United States, 1950\u20131990","author":"Collen","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib2","series-title":"Being There","author":"Clark","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib3","first-page":"113","article-title":"Computer science as empirical enquiry: symbols and search","volume":"1990","author":"Newell","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib4","series-title":"The Interpretation of Cultures","article-title":"The growth of culture and the evolution of mind","author":"Geertz","year":"1973"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2001.0080324","article-title":"A primer on aspects of cognition for medical informatics","volume":"8","author":"Patel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"issue":"3366","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3366.9","article-title":"Reasoning foundations of medical diagnosis; symbolic logic, probability, and value theory aid our understanding of how physicians reason","volume":"130","author":"Ledley","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib7","series-title":"Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning","author":"Elstein","year":"1978"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208193070803","article-title":"Internist-1, an experimental computer-based diagnostic consultant for general internal medicine","volume":"307","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib9","series-title":"Rule-based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project","author":"Buchanan","year":"1984"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.19.1851","article-title":"Enhancement of clinicians\u2019 diagnostic reasoning by computer-based consultation: a multisite study of 2 systems","volume":"282","author":"Friedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1471","article-title":"Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: the nature of patient care information system-related errors","volume":"11","author":"Ash","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.10.1197","article-title":"Role of computerized physician order entry systems in facilitating medication errors","volume":"293","author":"Koppel","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1287","article-title":"Unexpected increased mortality after implementation of a commercially sold computerized physician order entry system","volume":"116","author":"Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-7-200604040-00010","article-title":"Computerization can create safety hazards: a bar-coding near miss","volume":"144","author":"McDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib15","unstructured":"Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), Legislative Testimony on Health Information Technology, [available at http:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/healthit\/pres_testimony.html accessed on 06\/28\/06]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib16","series-title":"Cognition in the Wild","author":"Hutchins","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib17","series-title":"Cultural Psychology","author":"Cole","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib18","series-title":"Plans and Situated Actions. The problem of Human\u2013Machine Communication","author":"Suchman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib19","article-title":"Orienting frames and private routines: the role of cultural process in critical care safety","author":"Hazlehurst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib20","series-title":"Human Error","author":"Reason","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib21","series-title":"Human Factors in Aviation","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4, pt. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(00)70006-7","article-title":"All UK pediatric cardiac centers. Human factors and cardiac surgery: a multicenter trial","volume":"119","author":"de Leval","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiov. Sur."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0464(03)00062-5","article-title":"A framework for analyzing the cognitive complexity of computer-assisted clinical ordering","volume":"36","author":"Horsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib24","series-title":"Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib25","first-page":"38","article-title":"The problems of decision-making in emergencies","volume":"135","author":"Kaempf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fire Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096779047986","article-title":"Decision making in complex command-and-control environments","volume":"38","author":"Kaempf","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib27","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Human Error, Safety, and System Development","article-title":"Errors in aviation decision-making: a factor in accidents and incidents","author":"Orasanu","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0464(02)00009-6","article-title":"Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making","volume":"35","author":"Patel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/2.291294","article-title":"CSCW: history and focus","volume":"27","author":"Grudin","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Computer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008757115404","article-title":"Accumulating and coordinating: occasions for information technologies in medical work","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015298005381","article-title":"Activity theory and distributed cognition: or what does CSCW need to do with theories?","volume":"11","author":"Halverson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib32","series-title":"Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human\u2013Computer Interaction","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib33","series-title":"Technology in Working Order: Studies of Work, Interaction and Technology","first-page":"127","article-title":"What a f-in system! Send \u2018em all to the same place and then expect us to stop \u2018em hitting. Managing technology work in air traffic control","author":"Harper","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00752451","article-title":"Collaboration and control: crisis management and multimedia technology in London underground control rooms","volume":"1","author":"Heath","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib35","unstructured":"P. Carstensen, T. Albert, BRaHS: A computer based mechanism supporting the coordination of bug-handling. In: L. Navarro (Ed.), Demonstrator Prototypes of Computational Mechanisms of Interaction, COMIC, Esprit Basic Research Project 6225, University of Lancaster, (1995) pp. 183\u2013218."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133655","article-title":"Coordination Mechanisms: towards a conceptual foundation of CSCW systems design","volume":"5","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2004.836798","article-title":"Using cognitive artifacts to understand distributed cognition","volume":"34","author":"Nemeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sys. Man Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib38","series-title":"Empirical Studies of Programmers: Fourth Workshop","article-title":"Analyzing distributed cognition in software teams: a case study of collaborative programming during adaptive software maintenance","author":"Flor","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib39","unstructured":"C. Halverson, Inside the cognitive workplace: new technology and air-traffic control, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 1995."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib40","unstructured":"B. Hazlehurst, Fishing for cognition: an ethnography of fishing practice in a community on the west coast of Sweden, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 1994. Available online at http:\/\/www.dcog.net."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1301_1","article-title":"The cockpit as multiple activity system: a computational model for understanding situated team performance","volume":"13","author":"Hazlehurst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib42","series-title":"Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium","first-page":"284","article-title":"How the ICU follows orders: care delivery as a complex activity system","author":"Hazlehurst","year":"2003"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2004.836783","article-title":"Getting the right tools for the job: distributed planning in cardiac surgery","volume":"34","author":"Hazlehurst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sys. Man Cybern. Part A: Syst. Hum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1903_1","article-title":"How a cockpit remembers its speed","volume":"19","author":"Hutchins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib45","series-title":"Cognition and Communication at Work","first-page":"15","article-title":"Distributed cognition in an airline cockpit","author":"Hutchins","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib46","series-title":"Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human\u2013Computer Interface","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cognitive artifacts","author":"Norman","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib47","unstructured":"T. Malone, T. Crowston, \u201cThe Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination\u201d MIT Sloan Technical Report\/Working Paper, November 1993."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib48","series-title":"Proceedings of the Plenary Address Delivered to the 25th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"Cognitive ethnography","author":"Hutchins","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Hazlehurst, C.K. McMullen, P.N. Gorman, Distributed cognition in the heart room: how situation awareness arises from coordinated communications during cardiac surgery, J. Biomed. Inform. 2007 Feb 8; [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2007.02.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.04.004","article-title":"A cognitive taxonomy of medical errors","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.11.004","article-title":"Artifacts and collaborative work in healthcare: methodological, theoretical, and technological implications of the tangible","volume":"38","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib52","series-title":"Stress Workload and Fatigue","article-title":"How unexpected events produce an escalation of cognitive and coordinative demands","author":"Woods","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1525","article-title":"Impacts of computerized physician documentation in a teaching hospital: perceptions of faculty and resident physicians","volume":"11","author":"Embi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib54","article-title":"Eavesdropping as normative behavior in a cardiac intensive care unit","author":"Vuckovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Qual. Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M770","article-title":"A cross-site qualitative study of physician order entry","volume":"10","author":"Ash","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008_bib56","series-title":"To Err is Human","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Medical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386505607000913?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386505607000913?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]],"date-time":"2019-04-28T20:43:35Z","timestamp":1556484215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1386505607000913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1386505607000913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-5056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-5056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}}}