{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:27:49Z","timestamp":1775197669246,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007144","name":"University of Houston","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Medical Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:17:54Z","timestamp":1764202674000},"page":"106204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Applications of artificial intelligence-based conversational agents in healthcare: A systematic umbrella review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"Anh L.","family":"Huynh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tamal J.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kierra N.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alyona G.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Winston","family":"Liaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Mahbub","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy072","article-title":"Conversational agents in healthcare: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Laranjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135889","article-title":"AI Chatbots for Mental Health: A Scoping Review of Effectiveness, Feasibility, and Applications","volume":"14","author":"Casu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/40789","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence\u2013Based Chatbots for Promoting Health Behavioral Changes: Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0020","article-title":"Conversational agents in health care: Scoping review and conceptual analysis","volume":"22","author":"Car","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0025","article-title":"Conversational artificial intelligence interventions to support smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Digit","volume":"9","author":"Bendotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5105","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2023.034655","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Chatbots in Mental Health: A Systematic Review","volume":"74","author":"Omarov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers, Materials and Continua"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/42238","article-title":"Conversational Agents for Body Weight Management: Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Noh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Fernandez R, Godfrey C, Holly C, Khalil H, Tungpunkom P. Umbrella Reviews (2020). Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global. Doi: 10.46658\/JBIMES-24-08.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-08"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.3390\/ai4040051","article-title":"Chat GPT in Diagnostic Human Pathology: Will It Be Useful to Pathologists? A Preliminary Review with \u2018Query Session\u2019 and Future Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Cazzato","year":"2023","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0050","article-title":"Applications of ChatGPT in Otolaryngology\u2013Head Neck Surgery: A State of the Art Review","author":"Lechien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (United States)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105385","article-title":"Unlocking human-like conversations: Scoping review of automation techniques for personalized healthcare interventions using conversational agents","volume":"185","author":"Martins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1775313","article-title":"Inside pandora\u2019s box: a systematic review of the assessment of the perceived quality of chatbots for people with disabilities or special needs","volume":"15","author":"Federici","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/14166","article-title":"Conversational Agents in the Treatment of Mental Health Problems: Mixed-Method Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Gaffney","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrab070","article-title":"Automated conversational agents for post-intervention follow-up: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad222","article-title":"Evaluation framework for conversational agents with artificial intelligence in health interventions: a systematic scoping review","volume":"31","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac281","article-title":"Effectiveness and Acceptability of Conversational Agents for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0085","article-title":"The Effects of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots on Women\u2019s Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00979-5","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of AI-based conversational agents for promoting mental health and well-being","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2021.09.007","article-title":"Chatbot-Delivered Psychotherapy for Adults With Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression","volume":"53","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0100","article-title":"Information quality of conversational agents in healthcare","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/20346","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Conversational Agents in Health Care: Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Milne-Ives","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0110","article-title":"After a few months, what are the uses of OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT in medicine? A Scopus-based systematic review. Electronic Journal of","volume":"21","author":"Moya-Salazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"General Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103632","article-title":"Smart conversational agents for the detection of neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Pacheco-Lorenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/20701","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based conversational agents for chronic conditions: Systematic literature review","volume":"22","author":"Schachner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0125","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chatbot Artificial Intelligence for Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","author":"Webster","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Clin Cancer Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582221146719","article-title":"Chatbot features for anxiety and depression: A scoping review","volume":"29","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Informatics J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0135","article-title":"Chatbot for Health Care and Oncology Applications Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Systematic Review. JMIR","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.04.057","article-title":"The therapeutic effectiveness of artificial intelligence-based chatbots in alleviation of depressive and anxiety symptoms in short-course treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"356","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0145","article-title":"The Use of Artificial Intelligence-Based Conversational Agents (Chatbots) for Weight Loss: Scoping Review and Practical Recommendations. JMIR Med","volume":"10","author":"Chew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xian X, Chang A, Xiang Y, Liu MT. Debate and Dilemmas Regarding Generative AI in Mental Health Care\u00a0: Scoping Review Corresponding Author\u00a0: Interact J Med Res 2024;13:1\u201318. Doi: 10.2196\/53672.","DOI":"10.2196\/53672"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0155","article-title":"A systematic review of AI-based chatbot usages in healthcare services","author":"Jasim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Health Organization and Management Received"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0160","article-title":"Transforming Health Care Through Chatbots for Medical History-Taking and Future Directions\u00a0: Comprehensive Systematic Review Corresponding Author\u00a0: JMIR Med","volume":"12","author":"Hindelang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0165","first-page":"731","article-title":"Can Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Improve. CIN","volume":"42","author":"Gallegos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Inform. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/56114","article-title":"Evaluating the Potential and Pitfalls of AI-Powered Conversational Agents as Humanlike Virtual Health Carers in the Remote Management of Noncommunicable Diseases\u00a0: Scoping Review Corresponding Author","volume":"26","author":"Anisha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0175","article-title":"Identification of Use Cases , Target Groups, and Motivations Around Adopting Smart Speakers for Health Care and Social Care Settin","volume":"4","author":"Merkel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scoping Review Corresponding Author : JMIR AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0180","first-page":"102","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Powered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Chatbots, a Systematic Revie","author":"Farzan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0185","article-title":"AI Chatbots for Psychological Health for Health Professionals\u00a0: Scoping Review. JMIR","volume":"12","author":"Baek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126559","article-title":"Exploring Chatbot contributions to enhancing vaccine literacy and uptake\u00a0: A scoping review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Cosma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13040363","article-title":"Interactive Conversational Agents for Perinatal Health\u00a0: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Amil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0200","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Chatbots in Chronic Disease Management","volume":"17","author":"Altom","year":"2025","journal-title":"A Systematic Review of Applications and Challenges. Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf038","article-title":"Medical accuracy of artificial intelligence chatbots in oncology: a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/76968","article-title":"The Effectiveness and Feasibility of Conversational Agents for Cancer Patient Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0215","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current Applications of Chatbots Powered by Large Language Models in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Ronsivalle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/25933","article-title":"Voice-based conversational agents for the prevention and management of chronic and mental health conditions: Systematic literature review","volume":"23","author":"B\u00e9rub\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/43862","article-title":"Conversational Agent Interventions for Mental Health Problems: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-023-01184-3","article-title":"Potential of AI-Driven Chatbots in Urology: Revolutionizing Patient Care Through Artificial Intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Talyshinskii","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104494","article-title":"Feasibility and effectiveness of artificial intelligence-driven conversational agents in healthcare interventions: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-lorenzo R, Fern MJ, Anido-rif LE. International Journal of Medical Informatics Conversational agents for depression screening\u00a0: A systematic review Iv a 2024;181. Doi: 10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105272.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105272"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Medical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386505625004216?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386505625004216?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T08:12:26Z","timestamp":1767168746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1386505625004216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S1386505625004216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-5056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-5056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Applications of artificial intelligence-based conversational agents in healthcare: A systematic umbrella review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106204","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106204"}}