{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:09:34Z","timestamp":1771924174827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Signal Processing: Image Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:24:01Z","timestamp":1768004641000},"page":"117481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Secure vision: Integrated anti-spoofing and deep-fake detection system using knowledge distillation approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Jayashree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Chakaravarthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Samyuktha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Savitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Chaarulatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Yogeswari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Samyuktha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6300","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196300","article-title":"SecureVision: advanced cybersecurity deepfake detection with big data analytics","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13010095","article-title":"A comprehensive review of deepfake detection using advanced machine learning and fusion methods","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117865","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3324403","article-title":"DeepFake on face and expression swap: a review","volume":"11","author":"Waseem","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0004","first-page":"e1520","article-title":"Deepfake detection using deep learning methods: a systematic and comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Heidari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLPRO.2025.3525966","article-title":"The codecfake dataset and countermeasures for the universally detection of deepfake audio","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134018","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3231480","article-title":"Deepfake audio detection via MFCC features using machine learning","volume":"10","author":"Hamza","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165444","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022294","article-title":"Spoofing and anti-spoofing technologies of global navigation satellite system: a survey","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031454","article-title":"GANBA: generative adversarial network for biometric anti-spoofing","volume":"12","author":"Gomez-Alanis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3513795","article-title":"Liveness detection in computer vision: transformer-based self-supervised learning for face anti-spoofing","author":"Keresh","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0010","first-page":"448","article-title":"Quantitative study of swin transformer and loss function combinations for","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Face Anti-Spoofing, Electron."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7767","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207767","article-title":"Deep learning based one-class detection system for fake faces generated by GAN network","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp2010007","article-title":"Comparison of deepfake detection techniques through deep learning","volume":"2","author":"Taeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cybersecur. Priv."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9820","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199820","article-title":"A novel deep learning approach for deepfake image detection","volume":"12","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2023.01.191","article-title":"A GAN-based model of deepfake detection in social media","volume":"218","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06758-1","article-title":"Dynamic differential annealing-based anti-spoofing model for fingerprint detection using CNN","volume":"34","author":"Maheswari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0016","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel texture descriptor using machine learning for face anti-spoofing detection","author":"El-Rashidy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0017","article-title":"A graph neural network model for live face anti-spoofing detection camera systems","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc9030058","article-title":"DDFNet: a dual-domain fusion network for robust synthetic speech detection","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn. Comput."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-10181-7","article-title":"Deepfake detection using convolutional vision transformers and convolutional neural networks","volume":"36","author":"Soudy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2024.103057","article-title":"Artificial rabbits optimization with transfer learning based deepfake detection model for biometric applications","volume":"15","author":"Alazwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020635","article-title":"High-noise grayscale image denoising using an improved median filter for the adaptive selection of a threshold","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111896","article-title":"A residual autoencoder-based transformer for fault detection of multivariate processes","volume":"163","author":"Shang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Ma, M. Wang, A. Xiang, Z. Qi & Q. Yang, Transformer-based classification outcome prediction for multi-modal stroke treatment. In 2024 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Sensors, Electronics and Computer Engineering (ICSECE), (2024) 383\u2013386. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSECE61636.2024.10729409"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0024","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/awsaf49\/asvpoof-2019-dataset."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0025","unstructured":"https:\/\/paperswithcode.com\/dataset\/faceforensics-1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0026","unstructured":"https:\/\/paperswithcode.com\/dataset\/dfdc."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9121","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239121","article-title":"Detection of image level forgery with various constraints using DFDC full and sample datasets","volume":"22","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0028","article-title":"NPVForensics: learning VA correlations in non-critical phoneme-viseme regions for deepfake detection","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3076358","article-title":"One-class learning towards synthetic voice spoofing detection","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Proc. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2024.3356549","article-title":"STIDNet: identity-aware face forgery detection with spatiotemporal knowledge distillation","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLPRO.2025.3606191","article-title":"Multi-sinkhorn teacher knowledge aggregation framework for adaptive audio anti-spoofing","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Proc"}],"container-title":["Signal Processing: Image Communication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0923596526000044?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0923596526000044?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:15:21Z","timestamp":1771920921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0923596526000044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0923596526000044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481","relation":{},"ISSN":["0923-5965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0923-5965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Secure vision: Integrated anti-spoofing and deep-fake detection system using knowledge distillation approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Signal Processing: Image Communication","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.image.2026.117481","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117481"}}