{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T05:05:49Z","timestamp":1783919149273,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010226","name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025KTSCX257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KTSCX257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016804","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20231127135700001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231127135700001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZDZX1081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZDZX1081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20210324100813034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324100813034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515010417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0113200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012840","name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6024310040K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6024310040K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:09:10Z","timestamp":1778339350000},"page":"123598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Privacy-preserving collective reinforcement learning using fully homomorphic encryption in usage-based insurance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"753","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangwu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8944-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe L.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0005","series-title":"Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Digital Finance: Increasing Personalization and Trust in Digital Finance Using Big Data and AI","first-page":"295","article-title":"Usage-based automotive insurance","author":"Elicegui","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0010","unstructured":"Allied market research, global usage-based insurance market to Garner $149.22 billion by 2027, 2023, https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2023\/11\/01\/2770821\/0\/en\/Global-Usage-Based-Insurance-Market-to-Garner-149-22-Billion-by-2027-at-25-1-CAGR-Says-AMR.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0015","first-page":"37","article-title":"Measuring the acceptance rate of usage-based insurance (UBI) based on statistical methods (case study: saman insurance company)","author":"Hamzeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Math. Model. Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/13600869.2023.2242671","article-title":"Regulatory options for vehicle telematics devices: balancing driver safety, data privacy and data security","volume":"38","author":"Truby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Law Comput. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPCC-09-2023-0250","article-title":"Big data challenges and opportunities in internet of vehicles: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Hemmati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pervasive Comput. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113967","article-title":"Analyzing electric vehicle battery health performance using supervised machine learning","volume":"189","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000788","article-title":"From information networking to intelligence networking: motivations, scenarios, and challenges","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3368457","article-title":"Privacy-preserving outsourcing learning for connected autonomous vehicles: challenges, solutions, and perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0045","series-title":"2025 International Conference on Computational Innovations and Engineering Sustainability (ICCIES)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Connected vehicles secure data sharing using secure and differential privacy computation on multi-party","author":"Kumar","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2025.10.003","article-title":"Security and privacy in edge computing: a survey of electric vehicles","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0055","author":"Ali"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0060","first-page":"169","article-title":"On data banks and privacy homomorphisms","volume":"4","author":"Rivest","year":"1978","journal-title":"Found. Secure Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0065","series-title":"Proceedings of Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2017","first-page":"409","article-title":"Homomorphic encryption for arithmetic of approximate numbers","author":"Cheon","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19073","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3439822","article-title":"Blockchain and machine learning integrated secure driver behavior centric electric vehicle insurance model","volume":"25","author":"Sahu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0075","article-title":"Federated learning model for auto insurance rate setting based on tweedie distribution","volume":"138","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMES Comput. Model. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0080","series-title":"Proceedings of 18th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 09)","first-page":"335","article-title":"VPriv: protecting privacy in location-based vehicular services","author":"Popa","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2010.71","article-title":"Pripayd: privacy-friendly pay-as-you-drive insurance","volume":"8","author":"Troncoso","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3028014","article-title":"Scalable decentralized privacy-preserving usage-based insurance for vehicles","volume":"8","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2848227","article-title":"Location privacy in usage-based automotive insurance: attacks and countermeasures","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0100","series-title":"Proceedings of Decentralized Privacy Preservation in Smart Cities","first-page":"91","article-title":"Privacy-preserving data analytics in usage-based insurance","author":"Huang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0105","series-title":"Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","first-page":"169","article-title":"Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices","author":"Gentry","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2633600","article-title":"(Leveled) fully homomorphic encryption without bootstrapping","volume":"6","author":"Brakerski","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3263631","article-title":"Optimized privacy-preserving CNN inference with fully homomorphic encryption","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2023.3318405","article-title":"General bootstrapping approach for RLWE-based homomorphic encryption","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0125","series-title":"Proceedings of 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24)","first-page":"6993","article-title":"DaCapo: automatic bootstrapping management for efficient fully homomorphic encryption","author":"Cheon","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0130","series-title":"Proceedings of Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques","first-page":"366","article-title":"Fully homomorphic encryption for cyclotomic prime moduli","author":"Geelen","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0135","series-title":"Proceedings of Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques","first-page":"342","article-title":"Circuit bootstrapping: faster and smaller","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06449-3","article-title":"GMS: an efficient fully homomorphic encryption scheme for secure outsourced matrix multiplication","volume":"80","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Supercomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0145","series-title":"Proceedings of Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques","first-page":"94","article-title":"Bootstrapping bits with CKKS","author":"Bae","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0150","series-title":"Proceedings of Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques","first-page":"403","article-title":"Accelerating BGV bootstrapping for large p using null polynomials over Z pe","author":"Ma","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3317358","article-title":"Privacy-preserving federated deep reinforcement learning for mobility-as-a-service","volume":"25","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3485650","article-title":"Personalized privacy preserving for spatial crowdsourcing by reinforcement learning in VANETs","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0165","series-title":"Proceedings of 2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Privacy-preserving deep reinforcement learning based on differential privacy","author":"Zhao","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14740","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3400312","article-title":"A hybrid reinforcement learning-based method for generating privacy-preserving trajectories in low-density traffic environments","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-024-11411-w","article-title":"Blockchain-enabled federated reinforcement learning (B-FRL) model for privacy preservation service in IoT systems","volume":"136","author":"Alam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2023.3330877","article-title":"PP-MARL: efficient privacy-preserving multi-agent reinforcement learning for cooperative intelligence in communications","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123321","article-title":"Privacy preserving demand side management method via multi-agent reinforcement learning","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0190","series-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","first-page":"2755","article-title":"Privacy-preserving decentralized actor-critic for cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9678","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3366928","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for privacy-preserving task offloading in integrated satellite-terrestrial networks","volume":"23","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3149335","article-title":"C-fDRL: context-aware privacy-preserving offloading through federated deep reinforcement learning in cloud-enabled IoT","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-022-03111-9","article-title":"A reputation-based and privacy-preserving incentive scheme for mobile crowd sensing: a deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6157","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2024.3398824","article-title":"Privacy preserved reinforcement learning model using generative AI for personalized E-Learning","volume":"70","author":"Muniyandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0215","author":"Lillicrap"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0220","first-page":"352","article-title":"Private machine learning classification based on fully homomorphic encryption","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3392424","article-title":"MaskCrypt: federated learning with selective homomorphic encryption","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598_bib0235","author":"Zhang"}],"container-title":["Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025526005293?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025526005293?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:49:41Z","timestamp":1783918181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020025526005293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0020025526005293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-0255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-0255","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Privacy-preserving collective reinforcement learning using fully homomorphic encryption in usage-based insurance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Information Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123598","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123598"}}