{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T18:02:52Z","timestamp":1784311372414,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12471430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12471430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12571494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12571494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T18:12:03Z","timestamp":1781460723000},"page":"123780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Boundary-driven granular ball generation and classification via three-way decision"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"755","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2510-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiping","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(97)00077-8","article-title":"Toward a theory of fuzzy information granulation and its centrality in human reasoning and fuzzy logic","volume":"90","author":"Zadeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1981.4767051","article-title":"A clustering performance measure based on fuzzy set decomposition","author":"Backer","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PAMI-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110898","article-title":"A novel granular ball computing-based fuzzy rough set for feature selection in label distribution learning","volume":"278","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knowl.-based Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2025.109543","article-title":"Optimizations of approximation operators in covering rough set theory","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0030","series-title":"2010 Seventh International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Fuzzy-rough k-nearest neighbor algorithm for imbalanced data sets learning","author":"Han","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2017.2647966","article-title":"Large-scale multimodality attribute reduction with multi-kernel fuzzy rough sets","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0040","first-page":"287","article-title":"The quotient space theory of problem solving","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fundam. Inform."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2016.08.001","article-title":"The models of granular system and algebraic quotient space in granular computing","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0050","author":"Xia"},{"issue":"4573","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7134969","article-title":"Topological structure in visual perception","volume":"218","author":"Chen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.01.010","article-title":"Granular ball computing classifiers for efficient, scalable and robust learning","volume":"483","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7724","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2022.3220200","article-title":"An efficient and accurate rough set for feature selection, classification, and knowledge representation","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5319","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3203381","article-title":"An efficient and adaptive granular-ball generation method in classification problem","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2025.3536564","article-title":"Constructing three-way decision with fuzzy granular-ball rough sets based on uncertainty invariance","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.112243","article-title":"GBK-DPC: density peak clustering based on granular ball with K-nearest neighbor","volume":"171","author":"Ni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2025.109382","article-title":"Fuzzy neighborhood based variable-precision granular-ball rough sets with applications to feature selection","volume":"512","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111115","article-title":"GBMOD: a granular-ball mean-shift outlier detector","volume":"159","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3565212","article-title":"An adaptive multi-granularity graph representation of image via granular-ball computing","volume":"34","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11298","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3596615","article-title":"AW-GBGAE: an adaptive weighted graph autoencoder based on granular-balls for general data clustering","volume":"47","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.126030","article-title":"Attribute reduction based on a rapid variable granular ball generation model","volume":"265","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2025.109520","article-title":"On granular-ball fuzzy rough sets and applications in attribute evaluations","volume":"519","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111142","article-title":"GB-RVFL: fusion of randomized neural network and granular ball computing","volume":"159","author":"Sajid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129057","article-title":"Capturing local and global information: multi-view graph convolutional network via granular-ball computing and collaborative matrix","volume":"296","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2025.3552281","article-title":"Granular-ball computing-based fuzzy twin support vector machine for pattern classification","volume":"33","author":"Lang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103873","article-title":"An effective and robust shadowed granular ball generation method in classification problems","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2025.122445","article-title":"NaGB-DBSCAN: an improved DBSCAN clustering algorithm by natural neighbor and granular-ball","volume":"719","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2024.3359091","article-title":"GBG++: a fast and stable granular ball generation method for classification","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0145","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics","first-page":"452","article-title":"Binary decomposition for multi-class classification problems: development and applications","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.128920","article-title":"A comprehensive review on data-level methods for imbalanced data classification","volume":"295","author":"Nikpour","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7956","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3400281","article-title":"MGNR: a multi-granularity neigh-Bor relationship and its application in KNN classification and clustering methods","volume":"46","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2024.3411395","article-title":"Granular ball twin support vector machine with pinball loss function","volume":"12","author":"Quadir","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111636","article-title":"Granular ball k-class twin support vector classifier","volume":"166","author":"Ganaie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0170","first-page":"24512","article-title":"Multi-granularity open intent classification via adaptive granular-ball decision boundary","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0175","first-page":"17431","article-title":"Gbrip: granular ball representation for imbalanced partial label learning","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.113898","article-title":"Gadaboost: an efficient and robust adaboost algorithm based on granular-ball structure","volume":"325","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knowl.-based Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16534","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3563889","article-title":"A robust three-way classifier with shadowed granular balls based on justifiable granularity","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"issue":"418\u2013419","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.07.036","article-title":"An efficient k-means clustering filtering algorithm using density based initial cluster centers","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1162\/0899766042321751","article-title":"How many clusters? An information-theoretic perspective","volume":"16","author":"Still","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780_bib0200","series-title":"Proceedings of Tenth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology","first-page":"13","article-title":"K-nearest neighbor classification accuracy approach using weighted distance metrics and three-way decisions","volume":"vol. 1443","author":"Ondiek","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025526007115?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025526007115?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:04:34Z","timestamp":1784307874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020025526007115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0020025526007115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-0255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-0255","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Boundary-driven granular ball generation and classification via three-way decision","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Information Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123780","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123780"}}