{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:02:08Z","timestamp":1780650128176,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009964","name":"Tangshan Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internet of Things"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:48:18Z","timestamp":1777132098000},"page":"101950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["ALA Fuzzer: An adaptive layered and transformer-guided framework for modbus\/TCP protocol security testing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4199-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinxin","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4952-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junlei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1659-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21607","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3183952","article-title":"CGFuzzer: a fuzzing approach based on coverage-Guided generative adversarial networks for industrial IoT protocols","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0002","series-title":"Proc. 25th USENIX Security Symp., Austin, TX, USA","first-page":"791","article-title":"Specification mining for intrusion detection in networked control systems","author":"Caselli","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2903224","article-title":"Risk-based scheduling of security tasks in industrial control systems with consideration of safety","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8840","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218840","article-title":"Securing industrial control systems: components, cyber threats, and machine learning-Driven defense strategies","volume":"23","author":"Nankya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001686","article-title":"A review of cybersecurity incidents in the water sector","volume":"146","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2013.02.001","article-title":"Automatic and lightweight grammar generation for fuzz testing","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237749","article-title":"A systematic review of fuzzing based on machine learning techniques","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22737","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3182589","article-title":"IoTInfer: automated blackbox fuzz testing of IoT network protocols guided by finite state machine inference","volume":"9","author":"Shu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20718","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3303780","article-title":"Physical devices-agnostic hybrid fuzzing of IoT firmware","volume":"10","author":"Situ","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0010","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017)","first-page":"6000","article-title":"Attention is all you need","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0011","unstructured":"Modbus Tools, Modbus slave, [Online]. Available:2023, (https:\/\/www.modbustools.com\/). (accessed: Mar. 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0012","unstructured":"D. Lyons, ModRSsim2, 2023, [Online]. Available:(https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/modrssim2\/). (accessed: Mar. 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0013","unstructured":"winTECH software, Modsim32, 2023, [Online]. Available:. http:\/\/www.win-tech.com\/html\/modsim32.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0014","series-title":"Handbook of Big Data and IoT Security","first-page":"301","article-title":"Evaluation and application of two fuzzing approaches for security testing of IoT applications","author":"Alhawi","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0015","unstructured":"J. Pereyda, Boofuzz documentation, 2023, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/boofuzz.readthedocs.io\/(accessed: Mar. 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0016","series-title":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","first-page":"926","article-title":"MTF-Storm: a high performance fuzzer for modbus\/TCP","volume":"1","author":"Katsigiannis","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0017","series-title":"2017 32nd IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","first-page":"50","article-title":"Learn&Fuzz: machine learning for input fuzzing","author":"Godefroid","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0018","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers (CF \u201918)","first-page":"138","article-title":"GANFuzz: a GAN-based industrial network protocol fuzzing framework","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0019","series-title":"2019 12th IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Validation and Verification (ICST)","first-page":"59","article-title":"SeqFuzzer: an industrial protocol fuzzing framework from a deep learning perspective","author":"Zhao","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103197","article-title":"An adaptive fuzzing method based on transformer and protocol similarity mutation","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2025.104449","article-title":"Covert penetrations: analyzing and defending SCADA systems from stealth and hijacking attacks","volume":"156","author":"Wali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110629","article-title":"Enhanced cybersecurity for smart grids: detecting protocol-specific DDoS attacks on modbus networks","volume":"127","author":"Kanwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14183674","article-title":"A security-enhanced scheme for modbus TCP protocol based on lightweight cryptographic algorithm","volume":"14","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.30880\/ijie.2025.17.09.004","article-title":"Embedding the real-time AES-128 encryption into programmable logic controllers for secure modbus TCP\/IP communications in industrial control systems","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/asi8030065","article-title":"Investigation of secure communication of modbus TCP\/IP protocol: siemens S7 PLC series case study","volume":"8","author":"Dao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Syst. Innov."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0026","article-title":"On building automation system security","volume":"4","author":"Morales-Gonzalez","year":"2024","journal-title":"High-Confid. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0027","unstructured":"A. Swales, \u201cOpen Modbus\/TCP Specification,\u201d Schneider Electric, 1999, [Online]. Available:(https:\/\/modbus.org\/docs\/Modbus_Application_Protocol_V1_1b3.pdf). (accessed: Mar. 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0028","series-title":"2022 IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), Vale\u010d U Hrotovic, Czech Republic","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fuzzing ICS protocols: modbus fuzzer framework","author":"Ilgner","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0029","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey on transformers in machine learning","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Cyber Security Experimentation and Test (CSET \u201916)","first-page":"6","article-title":"Providing SCADA network data sets for intrusion detection research","author":"Lemay","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103973","article-title":"MTA fuzzer: a low-repetition rate modbus TCP fuzzing method based on transformer and mutation target adaptation","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950_bib0032","first-page":"164","article-title":"Fuzzy testing algorithm for modbus\/TCP based on recurrent neural networks","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Eng."}],"container-title":["Internet of Things"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2542660526000806?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2542660526000806?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:14:02Z","timestamp":1780647242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2542660526000806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S2542660526000806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950","relation":{},"ISSN":["2542-6605"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2542-6605","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"ALA Fuzzer: An adaptive layered and transformer-guided framework for modbus\/TCP protocol security testing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Internet of Things","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iot.2026.101950","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101950"}}