{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:19:26Z","timestamp":1783037966115,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003512","name":"State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H20250484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H20250484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72374084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72374084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Processing & Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:53:21Z","timestamp":1781520801000},"page":"104983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["An embedding-based approach for measuring science\u2013technology topic linkages using LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1508-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiming","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2025.104264","article-title":"Tracing science-technology-linkages: A machine learning pipeline for extracting and matching patent in-text references to scientific publications","volume":"62","author":"Abbasiantaeb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2022.102131","article-title":"Topic modeling algorithms and applications: A survey","volume":"112","author":"Abdelrazek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0003","series-title":"2025 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Digital Ethics (ICAIDE)","article-title":"Enhancing code optimization in LLMs with dual encoder architecture for syntax and semantic refinement","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.067044","article-title":"Interpretable vulnerability detection in LLMs: A BERT-based approach with SHAP explanations","volume":"85","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers, Materials, & Continua"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2008.12.001","article-title":"Applicant and examiner citations in US patents: An overview and analysis","volume":"38","author":"Alc\u00e1cer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0006","series-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","article-title":"Measuring the Similarity between Automatically Generated Topics","volume":"2","author":"Aletras","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2699","article-title":"Text matching to measure patent similarity","volume":"39","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2021.101167","article-title":"A novel approach to measuring science-technology linkage: From the perspective of knowledge network coupling","volume":"15","author":"Ba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123147","article-title":"Discovering technological opportunities by identifying dynamic structure-coupling patterns and lead-lag distance between science and technology","volume":"200","author":"Ba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123536","article-title":"Patentsberta: A deep nlp based hybrid model for patent distance and classification using augmented sbert","volume":"206","author":"Bekamiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026244828759","article-title":"Characterizing intellectual spaces between science and technology","volume":"58","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120689","article-title":"Semantic bridging of patents and scientific publications - The case of an emerging sustainability-oriented technology","volume":"167","author":"Block","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0013","series-title":"Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics","first-page":"4758","article-title":"Interpreting pretrained contextualized representations via reductions to static embeddings","author":"Bommasani","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(96)00301-2","article-title":"Network analysis of 2-mode data","volume":"19","author":"Borgatti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0015","first-page":"31","article-title":"Normalized (pointwise) mutual information in collocation extraction","volume":"30","author":"Bouma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of GSCL"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2008.03.001","article-title":"Measuring science-technology interaction using rare inventor-author names","volume":"2","author":"Boyack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2009.11.004","article-title":"Tracing the links between science and technology: An exploratory analysis of scientists\u2019 and inventors\u2019 networks","volume":"39","author":"Breschi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/10.4.975","article-title":"Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: a critical survey","volume":"10","author":"Breschi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2307\/3625196","article-title":"Science: The Endless Frontier","volume":"48","author":"Bush","year":"1945","journal-title":"Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1073-x","article-title":"Sources of inspiration? Making sense of scientific references in patents","volume":"98","author":"Callaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-0135-8","article-title":"Traces of prior art: An analysis of non-patent references found in patent documents","volume":"69","author":"Callaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.103255","article-title":"Exploring science-technology linkages: A deep learning-empowered solution","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.122210","article-title":"Strategies for sensing innovation opportunities in smart grids: In the perspective of interactive relationships between science, technology, and business","volume":"187","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121413","article-title":"Deep learning for patent landscaping using transformer and graph embedding","volume":"175","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/016224398901400106","article-title":"Identifying the science-technology interface: Matching patent data to a bibliometric model","volume":"14","author":"Coward","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science, Technology, & Human Values"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019). Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, volume 1 (pp. 4171-4186).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00325","article-title":"Topic modeling in embedding spaces","volume":"8","author":"Dieng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0028","article-title":"Linking science and industry: influence of scientific research on technological innovation through patent citations","volume":"34","author":"Dorta-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research Evaluation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2023.100760","article-title":"Applications and multidisciplinary perspective on 3D printing techniques: Recent developments and future trends","volume":"156","author":"Elhadad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)90024-8","article-title":"A patent-based cartography of technology","volume":"23","author":"Engelsman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00055-4","article-title":"The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and \u201cMode 2\u201d to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations","volume":"29","author":"Etzkowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026248929668","article-title":"Patents cited in the scientific literature: An exploratory study of \u201creverse\u201d citation relations","volume":"58","author":"Gl\u00e4nzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13843","article-title":"Toward the understanding of the constituents of organizational culture: The embedded topic modeling analysis of publicly available employee-generated reviews of two major US-based retailers","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121559","article-title":"A text-embedding-based approach to measuring patent-to-patent technological similarity","volume":"177","author":"Hain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0035","unstructured":"Hoyle, A., Goel, P., Peskov, D., Hian-Cheong, A., Boyd-Graber, J., & Resnik, P. (2021). Is automated topic model evaluation broken? the incoherence of coherence Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2574-9","article-title":"A domain keyword analysis approach extending Term Frequency-Keyword Active Index with Google Word2Vec model","volume":"114","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04273-1","article-title":"Identification of topic evolution: network analytics with piecewise linear representation and word embedding","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2015.02.001","article-title":"Increasing science and technology linkage in fuel cells: A cross citation analysis of papers and patents","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2025.104207","article-title":"Identifying potentially disruptive research via a comparative power-based large model","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2271-8","article-title":"A hybrid method to trace technology evolution pathways: a case study of 3D printing","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.2.215","article-title":"Knowledge spillovers and patent citations: Evidence from a survey of inventors","volume":"90","author":"Jaffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03396-7","article-title":"Patent document clustering with deep embeddings","volume":"123","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0043","series-title":"The positive sum strategy: harnessing technology for economic growth","first-page":"275","article-title":"An overview of innovation","author":"Kline","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3568052","article-title":"LLM in the loop: A framework for contextualizing counterfactual segment perturbations in point clouds","author":"Ko\u010di\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0045","article-title":"Fine-tuning language model embeddings to reveal domain knowledge: An explainable artificial intelligence perspective on medical decision making","volume":"139","author":"Kra\u0161nikovi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2019.103834","article-title":"Research addressing emerging technological ideas has greater scientific impact","volume":"48","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.05.103","article-title":"An introduction to deep learning in natural language processing: Models, techniques, and tools","volume":"470","author":"Lauriola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2020.101965","article-title":"Patent classification by fine-tuning BERT language model","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Patent Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0049","first-page":"27","article-title":"Neural word embedding as implicit matrix factorization","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00134","article-title":"Improving distributional similarity with lessons learned from word embeddings","volume":"3","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121064","article-title":"Exploring the technology emergence related to artificial intelligence: A perspective of coupling analyses","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23054","article-title":"Patent citation analysis: Calculating science linkage based on citing motivation","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03537-y","article-title":"Gatekeepers in knowledge transfer between science and technology: An exploratory study in the area of gene editing","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102872","article-title":"Predictive intelligence in harmful news identification by BERT-based ensemble learning model with text sentiment analysis","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0055","first-page":"1","article-title":"NPL v. NLP: analysing the links between science and technology with citations and semantics","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0046-6","article-title":"Exploring the feasibility and accuracy of Latent Semantic Analysis based text mining techniques to detect similarity between patent documents and scientific publications","volume":"82","author":"Magerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahajan, Y., Freestone, M., Aakur, S., & Karmaker, S. (2025). Revisiting word embeddings in the LLM era. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.19607.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.ijcnlp-long.145"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.122605","article-title":"Innovation management of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology: Disclosing insights from existing literature and determining future research streams","volume":"193","author":"Mari\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0059","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","volume":"26","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0060","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies","first-page":"746","article-title":"Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0061","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","first-page":"262","article-title":"Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models","author":"Mimno","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2024.101630","article-title":"Unveiling intrinsic interactions of science and technology in artificial intelligence using a network portrait divergence approach","volume":"19","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0063","first-page":"6","article-title":"Sfrembedding-mistral: enhance text retrieval with transfer learning","volume":"3","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Salesforce AI Research Blog"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00040-2","article-title":"Does science push technology? Patents citing scientific literature","volume":"29","author":"Meyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/0953531022000024824","article-title":"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Tracing Knowledge Flows in Innovation Systems-an Informetric Perspective on Future Research Science-based Innovation","volume":"14","author":"Meyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Economic Systems Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-0018-z","article-title":"Measuring science-technology interaction in the knowledge-driven economy: The case of a small economy","volume":"66","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients","volume":"1","author":"McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-010-0243-3","article-title":"Measures for textual patent similarities: a guided way to select appropriate approaches","volume":"85","author":"Moehrle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muennighoff, N., Tazi, N., Magne, L., & Reimers, N. (2022). MTEB: Massive text embedding benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07316.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.eacl-main.148"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/rev\/5.3.183","article-title":"Linkage between agency-supported research and patented industrial technology","volume":"5","author":"Narin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Research Evaluation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(97)00013-9","article-title":"The increasing linkage between U.S. technology and public science","volume":"26","author":"Narin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017155","article-title":"Is technology becoming science?","volume":"7","author":"Narin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017220","article-title":"Bibliometric cartography of scientific and technological developments of an R & D field: The case of optomechatronics","volume":"30","author":"Noyons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)90007-8","article-title":"Exploring the science and technology interface: Inventor-author relations in laser medicine research","volume":"23","author":"Noyons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2025.124375","article-title":"Evaluating the value of LLMs in patent-based technology intelligence: Toward increasing efficiency and reducing expert dependency","volume":"222","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcce.2024.11.004","article-title":"Text clustering with large language model embeddings","volume":"6","author":"Petukhova","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0077","series-title":"Embeddings in natural language processing: theory and advances in vector representations of meaning","author":"Pilehvar","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2025.102356","article-title":"Improved multi-label hierarchical patent classification using LLMs","volume":"81","author":"Rafieian","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Patent Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2025.103301","article-title":"Large language model for patent concept generation","volume":"65","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102532","article-title":"A sentiment-aware deep learning approach for personality detection from text","volume":"58","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14551","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3538262","article-title":"Probabilistic Topic Modeling With Transformer Representations","volume":"36","author":"Reuter","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2015.06.006","article-title":"What is an emerging technology?","volume":"44","author":"Rotolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0083","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring retrieval-augmented generation for multi-label discipline classification of academic short texts","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0084","unstructured":"Springer, J.M., Kotha, S., Fried, D., Neubig, G., & Raghunathan, A. (2024). Repetition improves language model embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.15449."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0085","series-title":"Pasteur's quadrant: basic science and technological innovation","author":"Stokes","year":"1997"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2923634","article-title":"Exploration of science and technology interaction: A case study on Taxol","volume":"68","author":"Suominen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0087","unstructured":"Tao, C., Shen, T., Gao, S., Zhang, J., Li, Z., Hua, K., Hu, W., Tao, Z., & Ma, S. (2024). Llms are also effective embedding models: An in-depth overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.12591."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0088","series-title":"Word embedding-based topic similarity measures","author":"Terragni","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005603513439","article-title":"Technological relevance of science: An assessment of citation linkages between patents and research papers","volume":"47","author":"Tijssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0090","unstructured":"Touvron, H., Lavril, T., Izacard, G., Martinet, X., Lachaux, M.A., Lacroix, T., Rozi\u00e8re, B., Goyal, N., Hambro, E., & Azhar, F. (2023). Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0091","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"Van der Maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21075","article-title":"How to normalize cooccurrence data? An analysis of some well-known similarity measures","volume":"60","author":"Van Eck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025052617678","article-title":"Do science-technology interactions pay off when developing technology? An exploratory investigation of 10 science-intensive technology domains","volume":"57","author":"Van Looy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016034516731","article-title":"Linking science to technology: Using bibliographic references in patents to build linkage schemes","volume":"54","author":"Verbeek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-011-0549-y","article-title":"Measuring science-technology interactions using patent citations and author-inventor links: an exploration analysis from Chinese nanotechnology","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2025.104102","article-title":"Beyond boundaries: Exploring the interaction between science and technology in fusion knowledge communities","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2021.101189","article-title":"Probing into the interactions between papers and patents of new CRISPR\/CAS9 technology: A citation comparison","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120251","article-title":"Mapping technological trajectories and exploring knowledge sources: A case study of 3D printing technologies","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120698","article-title":"How pharmaceutical innovation evolves: The path from science to technological development to marketable drugs","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103677","article-title":"Improving extractive summarization with semantic enhancement through topic-injection based BERT model","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2025.101663","article-title":"The role of preprints in open science: Accelerating knowledge transfer from science to technology","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10661-7","article-title":"A survey on neural topic models: methods, applications, and challenges","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.06.030","article-title":"Exploring innovation ecosystems across science, technology, and business: A case of 3D printing in China","volume":"136","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2020.101014","article-title":"Topic-linked innovation paths in science and technology","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120490","article-title":"Multidimensional Scientometric indicators for the detection of emerging research topics","volume":"163","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04587-0","article-title":"Do academic inventors have diverse interests?","volume":"128","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-04085-9","article-title":"An approach for detecting the commonality and specialty between scientific publications and patents","volume":"126","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2024.101617","article-title":"Linkages among science, technology, and industry on the basis of main path analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24175","article-title":"A novel method for topic linkages between scientific publications and patents","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127517","article-title":"Enhancing topic coherence and diversity in document embeddings using LLMs: A focus on BERTopic","volume":"281","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2025.102353","article-title":"Do large language models understand patents? Enhancing patent classification through AI-generated summaries","volume":"81","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Patent Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-025-05476-y","article-title":"Semantic filtering meets knowledge elements: a novel approach for emerging research topics discovery","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-019-03005-2","article-title":"Key nodes mining in the inventor-author knowledge diffusion network","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0114","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, M., Long, D., Zhang, X., Lin, H., Yang, B., Xie, P., Yang, A., Liu, D., & Lin, J. (2025). Qwen3 embedding: advancing text embedding and reranking through foundation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.05176."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.09.004","article-title":"Does deep learning help topic extraction? A kernel k-means clustering method with word embedding","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.12.019","article-title":"\u201cTerm clumping\u201d for technical intelligence: A case study on dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0117","unstructured":"Zhao, W.X., Zhou, K., Li, J., Tang, T., Wang, X., Hou, Y., Min, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, J., & Dong, Z. (2025). A survey of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.18223, 1(2)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-019-03126-8","article-title":"A novel method to identify emerging technologies using a semi-supervised topic clustering model: a case of 3D printing industry","volume":"120","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Information Processing & Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306457326003742?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306457326003742?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:58:58Z","timestamp":1783036738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306457326003742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306457326003742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4573","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An embedding-based approach for measuring science\u2013technology topic linkages using LLMs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Information Processing & Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2026.104983","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104983"}}