{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:32:15Z","timestamp":1786991535544,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:52:59Z","timestamp":1780415579000},"page":"105059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Robust end-to-end stratification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients via recurrent variational autoencoder and consensus clustering"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1323-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"De Mori Bajolin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6188-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Tavazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8290-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin O.","family":"Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-4-3","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Wijesekera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/21646821.2015.1075181","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and related motor neuron diseases: An overview","volume":"55","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurodiagnostic J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2018.00036","article-title":"Unraveling the complexity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis survival prediction","volume":"12","author":"Pfohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","article-title":"The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function","volume":"169","author":"Cedarbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002251","article-title":"How common are ALS plateaus and reversals?","volume":"86","author":"Bedlack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b6","series-title":"Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering","first-page":"529","article-title":"Patient stratification using clinical and patient profiles: Targeting personalized prognostic prediction in ALS","author":"Pires","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102588","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and statistical methods for stratification and prediction of progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00299-w","article-title":"Identifying patterns in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression from sparse longitudinal data","volume":"2","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b9","series-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops","first-page":"748","article-title":"Predicting non-invasive ventilation in ALS patients using stratified disease progression groups","author":"Pires","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15357","article-title":"Dynamic Bayesian networks for stratification of disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Gromicho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr351","article-title":"A proposed staging system for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"135","author":"Roche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306589","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a clinical staging system for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Chi\u00f2","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2018.1484925","article-title":"Deconstructing progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in stages: a Markov modeling approach","volume":"19","author":"Thakore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2014.897357","article-title":"Estimating clinical stage of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from the als functional rating scale","volume":"15","author":"Balendra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310176","article-title":"The MITOS system predicts long-term survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Tramacere","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36873-4","article-title":"Stratification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a crowdsourcing approach","volume":"9","author":"Kueffner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2013.838970","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression model","volume":"15","author":"Gomeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174925","article-title":"Predicting functional decline and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Ong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30089-9","article-title":"Prognosis for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: development and validation of a personalised prediction model","volume":"17","author":"Westeneng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25258","article-title":"Disease aggressiveness signatures of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in white matter tracts revealed by the D50 disease progression model","volume":"42","author":"Steinbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"5717","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b21","article-title":"Temporal stratification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients using disease progression patterns","volume":"15","author":"Amaral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33223-x","article-title":"Triclustering-based classification of longitudinal data for prognostic prediction: targeting relevant clinical end points in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Soares","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giz134","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz134","article-title":"Deep learning for clustering of multivariate clinical patient trajectories with missing values","volume":"8","author":"de Jong","year":"2019","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b24","first-page":"115","article-title":"Learning precise timing with LSTM recurrent networks","volume":"3","author":"Gers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b25","series-title":"Variational deep embedding: An unsupervised and generative approach to clustering","author":"Jiang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14428\/esann\/2024.ES2024-195","article-title":"Deep temporal consensus clustering for patient stratification in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Roque","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESANN 2024 Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b27","series-title":"Learning to diagnose with LSTM recurrent neural networks","author":"Lipton","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b28","series-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","first-page":"65","article-title":"Patient subtyping via time-aware LSTM networks","author":"Baytas","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b29","series-title":"Auto-encoding variational Bayes","author":"Kingma","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1198\/106186005X59243","article-title":"Cluster validation by prediction strength","volume":"14","author":"Tibshirani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comput. Graph. Statist."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.113","article-title":"Combining multiple clusterings using evidence accumulation","volume":"27","author":"Fred","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909","article-title":"A cluster separation measure","volume":"PAMI-1","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b34","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dendrite method for cluster analysis","volume":"3","author":"Cali\u0144ski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comm. Statist. Theory Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b35","unstructured":"Prize4Life, Pooled Resource Open-Access ALS Clinical Trials Database, https:\/\/ncri1.partners.org\/ProACT\/Home\/Index."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000951","article-title":"The PRO-ACT database","volume":"83","author":"Atassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317077","article-title":"Monitoring disease progression with plasma creatinine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical trials","volume":"89","author":"van Eijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.235952","article-title":"Phenotypic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population based study","volume":"82","author":"Chi\u00f2","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960903426543","article-title":"ALS with respiratory onset: Clinical features and effects of non-invasive ventilation on the prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Gautier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e802","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008869","article-title":"ALS phenotype is influenced by age, sex, and genetics: A population-based study","volume":"94","author":"Chi\u00f2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2021.03.001","article-title":"Phenotypic variability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"177","author":"Couratier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318232ab9b","article-title":"ALS clinical trials: do enrolled patients accurately represent the ALS population?","volume":"77","author":"Chi\u00f2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1532046426000833?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1532046426000833?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:26:53Z","timestamp":1784114813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1532046426000833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S1532046426000833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-0464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-0464","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Robust end-to-end stratification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients via recurrent variational autoencoder and consensus clustering","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2026.105059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105059"}}