{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:07:00Z","timestamp":1780448820272,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Computational Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T22:50:12Z","timestamp":1777762212000},"page":"114989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Accelerating the Monte Carlo simulation of the Enskog equation for multiscale dense gas flows"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"562","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2320844121","article-title":"Photomolecular effect: visible light interaction with air-water interface","volume":"121","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2024.605","article-title":"Molecular kinetic modelling of non-equilibrium evaporative flows","volume":"994","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2022.98","article-title":"Twenty-six moment equations for the Enskog-Vlasov equation","volume":"940","author":"Struchtrup","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.12.003","article-title":"The temperature and pressure jumps at the vapor-liquid interface: application to a two-phase cooling system","volume":"83","author":"Gatapova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004051","article-title":"Nonideal effects behind reflected shock waves in a high-pressure shock tube","volume":"10","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2016.173","article-title":"Non-equilibrium dynamics of dense gas under tight confinement","volume":"794","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0019559","article-title":"Dense gas flow simulations in ultra-tight confinement","volume":"32","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.05.155","article-title":"Non-equilibrium gas\u2013liquid interface dynamics in high-pressure liquid injection systems","volume":"35","author":"Dahms","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1824111","article-title":"Mean field kinetic theory description of evaporation of a fluid into vacuum","volume":"17","author":"Frezzotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4890523","article-title":"Method of determining kinetic boundary conditions in net evaporation\/condensation","volume":"26","author":"Kon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112007006374","article-title":"Mass flow rate measurements in a microchannel, from hydrodynamic to near free molecular regimes","volume":"584","author":"Ewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0012","series-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases","author":"Chapman","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0013","series-title":"Kinetische Theorie der Vorg\u00e4nge in m\u00e4ssig verd\u00fcnnten Gasen","author":"Enskog","year":"1917"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0014","series-title":"Mathematical Theory of Transport Processes in Gases","author":"Ferziger","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2015.09.034","article-title":"Fast spectral solution of the generalized Enskog equation for dense gases","volume":"303","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01052757","article-title":"Numerical analysis of a shock-wave solution of the Enskog equation obtained via a Monte Carlo method","volume":"73","author":"Frezzotti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Stat. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0017","series-title":"15th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics","first-page":"369","article-title":"Theoretical basis of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Nanbu","year":"1986"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1063\/1.869247","article-title":"A particle scheme for the numerical solution of the Enskog equation","volume":"9","author":"Frezzotti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0019","series-title":"Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows","author":"Bird","year":"1994"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.74.5212","article-title":"A consistent boltzmann algorithm","volume":"74","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.54.438","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulation method for the Enskog equation","volume":"54","author":"Montanero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1063\/1.869325","article-title":"Simulation of the Enskog equation \u00e0 labird","volume":"9","author":"Montanero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.1618","article-title":"Unified theory of lattice boltzmann model for nonideal gases","volume":"81","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phyical Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.71.035301","article-title":"Simple kinetic model for fluid flows in the nanometer scale","volume":"71","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2214367","article-title":"Generalized hydrodynamic model for fluid flows: from nanoscale to macroscale","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.22.2836","article-title":"Born-Green-Yvon approach to the local densities of a fluid at interfaces","volume":"22","author":"Fischer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2019.915","article-title":"The kinetic Shakhov-Enskog model for non-equilibrium flow of dense gases","volume":"883","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.8.013401","article-title":"Kinetic modeling of nonequilibrium flow of hard-sphere dense gases","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5004409","article-title":"A continuous stochastic model for non-equilibrium dense gases","volume":"29","author":"Sadr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2017.11.006","article-title":"A comparative study of discrete velocity methods for low-speed rarefied gas flows","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2024.113501","article-title":"General synthetic iterative scheme for non-equilibrium dense gas flows","volume":"520","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s42774-024-00188-y","article-title":"Multiscale simulation of rarefied gas dynamics via direct intermittent GSIS-DSMC coupling","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Aerodyn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-8914(73)90372-8","article-title":"The modified Enskog equation","volume":"68","author":"Van Beijeren","year":"1973","journal-title":"Physica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1672048","article-title":"Equation of state for nonattracting rigid spheres","volume":"51","author":"Carnahan","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0035","series-title":"An Introduction to the Boltzmann Equation and Transport Processes in Gases","author":"Kremer","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2021.461","article-title":"Fokker-Planck-Poisson kinetics: multi-phase flow beyond equilibrium","volume":"920","author":"Sadr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0997-7546(99)80008-9","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulation of the heat flow in a dense hard sphere gas","volume":"18","author":"Frezzotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. - B\/Fluids"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2009.10.008","article-title":"A solution algorithm for the fluid dynamic equations based on a stochastic model for molecular motion","volume":"229","author":"Jenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2023.105998","article-title":"General synthetic iterative scheme for polyatomic rarefied gas flows","volume":"265","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2024.112830","article-title":"Further acceleration of multiscale simulation of rarefied gas flow via a generalized boundary treatment","volume":"503","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.2345","article-title":"The moment guided Monte Carlo method","volume":"67","author":"Degond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4208\/cicp.OA-2023-0068","article-title":"General synthetic iterative scheme for unsteady rarefied gas flows","volume":"34","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3566","DOI":"10.1137\/24M1698298","article-title":"On high-order\/low-order and micro-macro methods for implicit time-stepping of the BGK model","volume":"47","author":"Hauck","year":"2025","journal-title":"SIAM J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.58.7319","article-title":"Strong shock waves in a dense gas: burnett theory versus Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"58","author":"Montanero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7592","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.60.7592","article-title":"Simple and accurate theory for strong shock waves in a dense hard-sphere fluid","volume":"60","author":"Montanero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-1221(97)00261-7","article-title":"Molecular dynamics and Enskog theory calculation of shock profiles in a dense hard sphere gas","volume":"35","author":"Frezzotti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02187068","article-title":"Perturbation analysis of a stationary nonequilibrium flow generated by an external force","volume":"76","author":"Tij","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Stat. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020498111819","article-title":"Comparison of kinetic theory and hydrodynamics for poiseuille flow","volume":"109","author":"Zheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Stat. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.81.011201","article-title":"Simulation of hard-disk flow in microchannels","volume":"81","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2007.07.006","article-title":"A low-variance deviational simulation Monte Carlo for the Boltzmann equation","volume":"226","author":"Homolle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3558887","article-title":"Low-noise Monte Carlo simulation of the variable hard sphere gas","volume":"23","author":"Radtke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2005.10.023","article-title":"A hybrid particle-continuum method applied to shock waves","volume":"215","author":"Schwartzentruber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0053","article-title":"Molecular kinetic modelling of non-equilibrium evaporative flows","volume":"32","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1243\/09544062JMES718","article-title":"A kinetic model for fluid wall interaction","volume":"222","author":"Frezzotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. IMechE Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3934\/krm.2015.8.235","article-title":"A kinetic theory description of liquid menisci at the microscale","volume":"8","author":"Barbante","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kinet. Relat. Models"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021999126003426?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021999126003426?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:41:43Z","timestamp":1780447303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021999126003426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0021999126003426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Accelerating the Monte Carlo simulation of the Enskog equation for multiscale dense gas flows","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Computational Physics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.114989","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114989"}}