{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:53:48Z","timestamp":1781758428895,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006636","name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Computational Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:52:47Z","timestamp":1780530767000},"page":"115108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An efficient and energy stable framework for phase field simulations of grain growth in additive manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"563","author":[{"given":"Chaoqian","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinnapat","family":"Panwisawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3698-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-014-0958-z","article-title":"Metal additive manufacturing: a review","volume":"23","author":"Frazier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0002","series-title":"Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing","author":"Gibson","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.07.019","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of metals","volume":"117","author":"Herzog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat5021","article-title":"Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.138633","article-title":"Steels in additive manufacturing: a review of their microstructure and properties","volume":"772","author":"Bajaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0006","first-page":"32","article-title":"An overview of modern metal additive manufacturing technology","volume":"32","author":"Armstrong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of metallic components - process, structure and properties","volume":"92","author":"DebRoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11465-015-0341-2","article-title":"Differences in microstructure and properties between selective laser melting and traditional manufacturing for fabrication of metal parts: a review","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.03.019","article-title":"Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of austenitic stainless steel 304L made by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.11.021","article-title":"Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: a critical review","volume":"139","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112493","article-title":"Influence of the layer directions on the properties of 316L stainless steel parts fabricated through fused deposition of metals","volume":"13","author":"Kurose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2020.116788","article-title":"Effect of processing parameters on surface roughness, porosity and cracking of as-built IN738LC parts fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","volume":"285","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.138523","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of 308L stainless steel fabricated by laminar plasma additive manufacturing","volume":"770","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-06785-1","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of 17\u20134\u202fPH stainless steel processed by atomic diffusion additive manufacturing","author":"Henry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Progress in modelling solidification microstructures in metals and alloys. part II: dendrites from 2001 to 2018","author":"Kurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-999-0226-2","article-title":"A three-dimensional cellular automation-finite element model for the prediction of solidification grain structures","volume":"30","author":"Gandin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2017.09.018","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling of the microstructure evolution during metal additive manufacturing","volume":"141","author":"Zinovieva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107672","article-title":"A cellular automaton finite volume method for microstructure evolution during additive manufacturing","volume":"169","author":"Lian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0019","article-title":"A multi-grid cellular automaton model for simulating dendrite growth and its application in additive manufacturing","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0020","article-title":"An extended version of cellular automata model for powder bed fusion to unravel the dependence of microstructure on printing areas for inconel 625","volume":"73","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"issue":"41&42","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2008.03.010","article-title":"The kinetic monte carlo method: foundation, implementation, and application","volume":"197","author":"Battaile","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2017.03.053","article-title":"Simulation of metal additive manufacturing microstructures using kinetic Monte Carlo","volume":"135","author":"Rodgers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-651X\/aac616","article-title":"Direct numerical simulation of mechanical response in synthetic additively manufactured microstructures","volume":"26","author":"Rodgers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00466-017-1516-y","article-title":"Simulation and experimental comparison of the thermo-mechanical history and 3D microstructure evolution of 304L stainless steel tubes manufactured using LENS","volume":"61","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0025","article-title":"Simulation of powder bed metal additive manufacturing microstructures with coupled finite difference\u2013Monte Carlo method","volume":"41","author":"Rodgers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.32.112001.132041","article-title":"Phase-field models for microstructure evolution","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.32.101901.155803","article-title":"Phase-field simulation of solidification","volume":"32","author":"Boettinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2017.05.003","article-title":"Application of finite element, phase-field, and CALPHAD-based methods to additive manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys","volume":"139","author":"Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0029","series-title":"Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Additive Manufacturing","first-page":"93","article-title":"Understanding microstructure evolution during additive manufacturing of metallic alloys using phase-field modeling","author":"Ji","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0030","series-title":"Modeling Aspects in Optical Metrology VII","first-page":"59","article-title":"On modeling of heat transfer and molten pool behavior in multi-layer and multi-track laser additive manufacturing process","author":"Dubrov","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-021-00524-6","article-title":"Phase-field modeling of grain evolutions in additive manufacturing from nucleation, growth, to coarsening","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Comput. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2021.116862","article-title":"The development of grain structure during additive manufacturing","volume":"211","author":"Chadwick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2024.120482","article-title":"On microstructure development during laser melting and resolidification: an experimentally validated simulation study","volume":"282","author":"Chadwick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7151(93)90065-Z","article-title":"Probabilistic modelling of microstructure formation in solidification processes","volume":"41","author":"Rappaz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7151(94)90302-6","article-title":"A coupled finite element-cellular automaton model for the prediction of dendritic grain structures in solidification processes","volume":"42","author":"Gandin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7151(90)90282-L","article-title":"Morphological instability in rapid directional solidification","volume":"38","author":"Merchant","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2017.11.033","article-title":"Phase field simulation of powder bed-based additive manufacturing","volume":"144","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.042","article-title":"Investigation on evolution mechanisms of site-specific grain structures during metal additive manufacturing","volume":"257","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0039","first-page":"22","article-title":"Insight into the mechanisms of columnar to equiaxed grain transition during metallic additive manufacturing","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.80.3308","article-title":"Efficient computation of dendritic microstructures using adaptive mesh refinement","volume":"80","author":"Provatas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2018.12.058","article-title":"Phase-field model simulations of alloy directional solidification and seaweed-like microstructure evolution based on adaptive finite element method","volume":"160","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-020-0298-5","article-title":"PRISMS-PF: a general framework for phase-field modeling with a matrix-free finite element method","volume":"6","author":"DeWitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Comput. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2006.07.013","article-title":"Spectral implementation of an adaptive moving mesh method for phase-field equations","volume":"220","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1007\/s11075-023-01635-5","article-title":"Adaptive discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for the Allen-Cahn equation on polygonal meshes","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Numer. Algorithms"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044400","article-title":"Multi-fidelity physics-constrained neural network and its application in materials modeling","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-020-00471-8","article-title":"Accelerating phase-field-based microstructure evolution predictions via surrogate models trained by machine learning methods","volume":"7","author":"Montes de Oca Zapiain","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Comput. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2022.111750","article-title":"Machine-learning-based surrogate modeling of microstructure evolution using phase-field","volume":"214","author":"Peivaste","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-022-00890-9","article-title":"Physics-embedded graph network for accelerating phase-field simulation of microstructure evolution in additive manufacturing","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Comput. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2022.115128","article-title":"Accelerating phase-field predictions via recurrent neural networks learning the microstructure evolution in latent space","volume":"397","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0050","article-title":"Accelerating phase-field simulation of three-dimensional microstructure evolution in laser powder bed fusion with composable machine learning predictions","volume":"79","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2015.07.009","article-title":"A reduced order method for Allen\u2013Cahn equations","volume":"292","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4208\/jms.v52n3.19.03","article-title":"Reduced-order modelling for the Allen\u2013Cahn equation based on scalar auxiliary variable approaches","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Math. Study"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2020.113010","article-title":"Multiscale model reduction for the Allen\u2013Cahn problem in perforated domains","volume":"381","author":"Tyrylgin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2024.117507","article-title":"Convolution tensor decomposition for efficient high-resolution solutions to the Allen\u2013Cahn equation","volume":"433","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3934\/dcds.2010.28.1669","article-title":"Numerical approximations of Allen\u2013Cahn and Cahn\u2013Hilliard equations","volume":"28","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1137\/080738143","article-title":"An energy-stable and convergent finite-difference scheme for the phase field crystal equation","volume":"47","author":"Wise","year":"2009","journal-title":"SIAM J. Numer. Anal."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2009.04.020","article-title":"Stable and efficient finite-difference nonlinear-multigrid schemes for the phase field crystal equation","volume":"228","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2016.10.041","article-title":"Efficient linear schemes with unconditional energy stability for the phase field elastic bending energy model","volume":"315","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.5372","article-title":"Numerical approximations for a phase field dendritic crystal growth model based on the invariant energy quadratization approach","volume":"110","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2014.12.046","article-title":"Efficient energy stable numerical schemes for a phase field moving contact line model","volume":"284","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0061","series-title":"Frontiers in Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction and Flow Simulation: Research from Lead Investigators Under Forty-2023","first-page":"79","article-title":"Phase-field modeling for flow simulation","author":"Gomez","year":"2023"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.6966","article-title":"Recursive grain remapping scheme for phase-field models of additive manufacturing","volume":"123","author":"Chadwick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(79)90196-2","article-title":"A microscopic theory for antiphase boundary motion and its application to antiphase domain coarsening","volume":"27","author":"Allen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Metall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2019.10.044","article-title":"The significance of spatial length scales and solute segregation in strengthening rapid solidification microstructures of 316L stainless steel","volume":"184","author":"Pinomaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2019.11.057","article-title":"Finite interface dissipation phase field modeling of Ni\u2013Nb under additive manufacturing conditions","volume":"185","author":"Karayagiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0066","first-page":"849","article-title":"The theory of moving sources of heat and its application to metal treatments","volume":"68","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1946","journal-title":"Trans. ASME"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/17\/7\/073001","article-title":"Phase-field models in materials science","volume":"17","author":"Steinbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(93)90189-8","article-title":"Thermodynamically-consistent phase-field models for solidification","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2010.10.038","article-title":"A quantitative and thermodynamically consistent phase-field interpolation function for multi-phase systems","volume":"59","author":"Moelans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.78.024113","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of grain boundary properties in a generalized phase field model for grain growth in anisotropic systems","volume":"78","author":"Moelans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/23\/8\/083501","article-title":"Consistent representations of and conversions between 3D rotations","volume":"23","author":"Rowenhorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1137\/S0036144599352836","article-title":"Centroidal voronoi tessellations: applications and algorithms","volume":"41","author":"Du","year":"1999","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489","article-title":"Least squares quantization in PCM","volume":"28","author":"Lloyd","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.69.174103","article-title":"Crystal-melt interfacial free energies and mobilities in FCC and BCC Fe","volume":"69","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0075","series-title":"Technical Report","article-title":"Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steels","author":"Kim","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0076","unstructured":"Python, version 3.X, 2026, Software Foundation, https:\/\/www.python.org."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/16\/4\/045008","article-title":"On the use of moment invariants for the automated analysis of 3D particle shapes","volume":"16","author":"MacSleyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00693-y","article-title":"Effect of high laser scanning speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured 316L","volume":"10","author":"Berghaus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.10.051","article-title":"Stability of cellular microstructure in laser powder bed fusion of 316L stainless steel","volume":"739","author":"Bertoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108_bib0080","series-title":"Technical Report","author":"Pearce","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021999126004614?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021999126004614?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1781756312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021999126004614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S0021999126004614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An efficient and energy stable framework for phase field simulations of grain growth in additive manufacturing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Computational Physics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcp.2026.115108","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115108"}}