{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:42:09Z","timestamp":1777880529312,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Knowledge-Based Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T20:35:39Z","timestamp":1772483739000},"page":"115666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Rethinking probabilistic learning for counterfactual low-light image enhancement in robust engineering vision systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"340","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0844-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-0168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2982-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Debattista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Donzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3049940","article-title":"Low-light image enhancement via progressive-recursive network","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01418-8","article-title":"Benchmarking low-light image enhancement and beyond","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0003","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"16938","article-title":"Nightlab: a dual-level architecture with hardness detection for segmentation at night","author":"Deng","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0004","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"15769","article-title":"Dannet: a one-stage domain adaptation network for unsupervised nighttime semantic segmentation","author":"Wu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106617","article-title":"A deep learning based image enhancement approach for autonomous driving at night","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9550","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3359755","article-title":"Double domain guided real-time low-light image enhancement for ultra-high-definition transportation surveillance","volume":"25","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2023.3269206","article-title":"CLAHE-Based low-light image enhancement for robust object detection in overhead power transmission system","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Delivery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110867","article-title":"Unsupervised detail and color restorer for retinex-based low-light image enhancement","volume":"153","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.07.058","article-title":"LSR: Lightening super-resolution deep network for low-light image enhancement","volume":"505","author":"Rasheed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.4429280","article-title":"Brightness preserving dynamic histogram equalization for image contrast enhancement","volume":"53","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.381734","article-title":"A dynamic histogram equalization for image contrast enhancement","volume":"53","author":"Abdullah-Al-Wadud","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2639450","article-title":"LIME: Low-light image enhancement via illumination map estimation","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1137\/100806588","article-title":"A total variation model for retinex","volume":"4","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"SIAM J. Imaging Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2226047","article-title":"Efficient contrast enhancement using adaptive gamma correction with weighting distribution","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0015","unstructured":"C. Wei, W. Wang, W. Yang, J. Liu, Deep retinex decomposition for low-light enhancement, (2018). arXiv: 1808.04560."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0016","series-title":"Proceedings of the 27Th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","first-page":"1632","article-title":"Kindling the darkness: a practical low-light image enhancer","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0017","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"5901","article-title":"URetinex-Net: Retinex-Based deep unfolding network for low-Light image enhancement","author":"Wu","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7403","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3186880","article-title":"Multiscale low-light image enhancement network with illumination constraint","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3051462","article-title":"Enlightengan: deep light enhancement without paired supervision","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"2604","article-title":"Low-light image enhancement with normalizing flow","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0021","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"12504","article-title":"Retinexformer: one-stage retinex-based transformer for low-light image enhancement","author":"Cai","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111958","article-title":"Division gets better: learning brightness-aware and detail-sensitive representations for low-light image enhancement","volume":"299","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0023","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"36","article-title":"Glare: low light image enhancement via generative latent feature based codebook retrieval","author":"Zhou","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.114567","article-title":"Learning spatial-Channel feature refiners via wavelet-based linear mixed basis for low-Light image enhancement","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3524538","article-title":"Interpretable optimization-inspired unfolding network for low-light image enhancement","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0026","article-title":"Low-Light image enhancement via self-Degradation-Aware and semantic-Perceptual guidance networks","author":"Sedeeq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference","first-page":"2323","article-title":"Rethinking reconstruction and denoising in the dark: new perspective, general architecture and beyond","author":"Ma","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.111509","article-title":"Low-light underwater image enhancement with retinex-guided mamba network","volume":"158","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1277-108","article-title":"The retinex theory of color vision","volume":"237","author":"Land","year":"1977","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1899","article-title":"Deep color consistent network for low-Light image enhancement","author":"Zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0031","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"12302","article-title":"Diff-retinex: rethinking low-light image enhancement with a generative diffusion model","author":"Yi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0032","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"161","article-title":"Lightendiffusion: unsupervised low-light image enhancement with latent-retinex diffusion models","author":"Jiang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0033","article-title":"JTE-CFlow For low-light enhancement and zero-element pixels restoration with application to night traffic monitoring images","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0034","first-page":"8520","article-title":"Physics-based noise modeling for extreme low-light photography","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1780","article-title":"Zero-reference deep curve estimation for low-light image enhancement","author":"Guo","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"13106","article-title":"Eemefn: low-light image enhancement via edge-enhanced multi-exposure fusion network","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0037","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"17714","article-title":"SNR-Aware Low-Light image enhancement","author":"Xu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111779","article-title":"Degraded structure and hue guided auxiliary learning for low-light image enhancement","volume":"295","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.113055","article-title":"FFTFormer: A spatial-frequency noise aware CNN-Transformer for low light image enhancement","volume":"314","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3586712","article-title":"Learning with self-calibrator for fast and robust low-light image enhancement","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0041","first-page":"1","article-title":"GACA: A gradient-aware and contrastive-adaptive learning framework for low-light image enhancement","volume":"73","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3434416","article-title":"Spatial-frequency dual-domain feature fusion network for low-light remote sensing image enhancement","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2024.104276","article-title":"Illumination-aware and structure-guided transformer for low-light image enhancement","volume":"252","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Vision Image Understand."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8234","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-023-01900-z","article-title":"Bilevel fast scene adaptation for low-light image enhancement","volume":"133","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01407-x","article-title":"Beyond brightening low-light images","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.2024.3405405","article-title":"ClassLIE: structure-and illumination-adaptive classification for low-light image enhancement","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0047","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"2834","article-title":"Iniretinex: rethinking retinex-type low-Light image enhancer via initialization perspective","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0048","article-title":"What uncertainties do we need in bayesian deep learning for computer vision?","volume":"30","author":"Kendall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0049","series-title":"Markov Processes: Characterization and Convergence","author":"Ethier","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-013-9416-2","article-title":"Understanding predictive information criteria for bayesian models","volume":"24","author":"Gelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2992934","article-title":"Normalizing flows: an introduction and review of current methods","volume":"43","author":"Kobyzev","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0052","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"715","article-title":"Srflow: learning the super-resolution space with normalizing flow","author":"Lugmayr","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0053","first-page":"9099","article-title":"Denoising normalizing flow","volume":"34","author":"Horvat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0054","first-page":"6840","article-title":"Denoising diffusion probabilistic models","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3204461","article-title":"Image super-resolution via iterative refinement","author":"Saharia","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0056","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","article-title":"Poisson flow generative models","author":"Xu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0057","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","first-page":"707","article-title":"Real-time uncertainty estimation in computer vision via uncertainty-aware distribution distillation","author":"Shen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0058","first-page":"16398","article-title":"Uncertainty-driven loss for single image super-resolution","volume":"34","author":"Ning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0059","first-page":"857","article-title":"Deep structural causal models for tractable counterfactual inference","volume":"33","author":"Pawlowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1203","article-title":"An introduction to causal inference","volume":"6","author":"Pearl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biostat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1986.289617","article-title":"Non-Lambertian effects on remote sensing of surface reflectance and vegetation index","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0062","article-title":"Adaptive sparseness using jeffreys prior","volume":"14","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.01.029","article-title":"Srdiff: single image super-resolution with diffusion probabilistic models","volume":"479","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0064","article-title":"Glow: generative flow with invertible 1x1 convolutions","volume":"31","author":"Kingma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0065","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) Workshops","first-page":"63","article-title":"Esrgan: enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial networks","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0066","first-page":"5718","article-title":"Restormer: efficient transformer for high-Resolution image restoration","author":"Zamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0067","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-assisted Intervention","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0068","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1874","article-title":"Real-time single image and video super-resolution using an efficient sub-pixel convolutional neural network","author":"Shi","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2284059","article-title":"Contrast enhancement based on layered difference representation of 2D histograms","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2442920","article-title":"Perceptual quality assessment for multi-exposure image fusion","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2261309","article-title":"Naturalness preserved enhancement algorithm for non-uniform illumination images","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0072","article-title":"Pytorch: an imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","volume":"32","author":"Paszke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0073","series-title":"2010 20Th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2366","article-title":"Image quality metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM","author":"Hore","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2012.2227726","article-title":"Making a \u201ccompletely blind\u201d image quality analyzer","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0076","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"7374","article-title":"Guided curriculum model adaptation and uncertainty-aware evaluation for semantic nighttime image segmentation","author":"Sakaridis","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2886771","article-title":"Blind image quality assessment using a deep bilinear convolutional neural network","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2831899","article-title":"NIMA: Neural image assessment","volume":"27","author":"Talebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2016.12.009","article-title":"Learning a no-reference quality metric for single-image super-resolution","volume":"158","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Vision Image Understanding"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0080","article-title":"Learning to enhance low-light image via zero-reference deep curve estimation","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0081","article-title":"Multi-scale retinex unfolding network for low-light image enhancement","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0082","article-title":"Extracting noise and darkness: low-light image enhancement via dual prior guidance","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0083","article-title":"Poisson flow generative models","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666_bib0084","first-page":"4713","article-title":"Image super-Resolution via iterative refinement","volume":"45","author":"Saharia","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}],"container-title":["Knowledge-Based Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950705126004065?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950705126004065?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:14:15Z","timestamp":1777594455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0950705126004065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0950705126004065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-7051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-7051","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rethinking probabilistic learning for counterfactual low-light image enhancement in robust engineering vision systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Knowledge-Based Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.115666","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115666"}}