{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T02:02:10Z","timestamp":1780020130665,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Knowledge-Based Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:19:41Z","timestamp":1778757581000},"page":"116208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Morphogenetic visual systems: Self-organizing perception for the open world"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"346","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4752-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idowu Paul","family":"Okuwobi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8059","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08744-2","article-title":"Mastering diverse control tasks through world models","volume":"640","author":"Hafner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3560327","article-title":"Toward collaborative autonomous driving: simulation platform and end-to-end system","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14545","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2025.3575810","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change detection of ecological quality and the associated influencing factors in Yuzhou mining area with RSEIFE","volume":"18","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6172","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3550703","article-title":"BackMix: regularizing open set recognition by removing underlying fore-background priors","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11348","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3601053","article-title":"Rehearsal-free and efficient continual learning for cross-domain face anti-spoofing","volume":"47","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01151-2","article-title":"Multimodal out-of-distribution individual uncertainty quantification enhances binding affinity prediction for polypharmacology","volume":"7","author":"Badkul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59026-4","article-title":"Acoustofluidic bioassembly induced morphogenesis for therapeutic tissue fabrication","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2025.11.025","article-title":"Discriminative response pruning for robust and efficient deep networks under label noise","volume":"199","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3528042","article-title":"Towards accurate post-training quantization of vision transformers via error reduction","volume":"47","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11423-3","article-title":"Knowledge distillation and dataset distillation of large language models: emerging trends, challenges, and future directions","volume":"59","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7672","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-025-02518-z","article-title":"Analysing satellite imagery classification under spatial domain shift across geographic regions","volume":"133","author":"Al-Emadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.113703","article-title":"A zero-shot tree-structured multi-objective evolutionary neural architecture search","volume":"166","author":"Dai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-025-01748-y","article-title":"Toward simplicity in dynamic inference: a critical study and redesign of early-exit networks","volume":"36","author":"Addad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129529","article-title":"A biologically inspired separable learning vision model for real-time traffic object perception in Dark","volume":"297","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalgebra.2025.10.041","article-title":"Pontryagin duality and sheaves of profinite modules","volume":"690","author":"Wilkes","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Algebra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110045","article-title":"Topology-joint curvilinear segmentation network using confidence-based Bezier topological representation","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enganabound.2024.106101","article-title":"Multi-patch IGA associated with Nitsche\u2019s method for morphogenesis of complex free-form surface","volume":"171","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s44260-024-00026-8","article-title":"Characterizing the sense of agency in human\u2013robot interaction based on the free energy principle","volume":"2","author":"Ohata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Complex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0019","series-title":"2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"3973","article-title":"A large-scale car dataset for fine-grained categorization and verification","author":"Yang","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0020","unstructured":"S. Beery, A. Agarwal, E. Cole, and V. Birodkar, \u201cThe iWildCam 2021 competition dataset,\u201d May 07, 2021, arXiv: arXiv:2105.03494. doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.2105.03494."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0021","series-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2016","first-page":"445","article-title":"A benchmark and simulator for UAV tracking","author":"Mueller","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.112565","article-title":"Class-specific feature reconstruction with pseudo-label for open-set HRRP recognition","volume":"172","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pattern Recogni."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0023","series-title":"2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"9225","article-title":"OW-DETR: open-world detection transformer","author":"Gupta","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2024.129141","article-title":"Towards unsupervised domain-specific open-world recognition","volume":"619","author":"Alfarisy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0025","series-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell.","first-page":"21473","article-title":"ORES: open-vocabulary responsible visual synthesis","volume":"38","author":"Ni","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0026","series-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, in NIPS \u201923","first-page":"72983","article-title":"Scaling open-vocabulary object detection","author":"Minderer","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, in NIPS \u201920","first-page":"15920","article-title":"Dark experience for general continual learning: a strong, simple baseline","author":"Buzzega","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2024.104237","article-title":"Open-world continual learning: unifying novelty detection and continual learning","volume":"338","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18408","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3584072","article-title":"Toward open-world domain adaptation via iteratively contrastive learning and clustering","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0030","series-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2024","first-page":"301","article-title":"Self-adapting large visual-language models to edge devices across visual modalities","author":"Cai","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-023-01891-x","article-title":"CLIP-adapter: better vision-language models with feature adapters","volume":"132","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0032","series-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, in NIPS \u201923","first-page":"12087","article-title":"Sheaf hypergraph networks","author":"Duta","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0033","article-title":"PHGAT: persistent homology-enhanced graph attention network for IIoT anomaly detection","volume":"299","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2025.101818","article-title":"A lightweight edge-DL intrusion detection system for IoT sustainable smart-agriculture","volume":"34","author":"Villafranca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11372-x","article-title":"Learning diversified representations for visual abstract reasoning","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-025-09836-8","article-title":"Unveiling scoring processes: dissecting the differences between LLMs and human graders in automatic scoring","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Knowl. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2025.11.044","article-title":"Improving pseudo-labelling for semi-supervised single-class instance segmentation via mask symmetry scoring","volume":"200","author":"Hurst","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2025.130866","article-title":"A density variation and inverse outliers clustering algorithm for datasets with large density differences","volume":"650","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111160","article-title":"Topology reorganized graph contrastive learning with mitigating semantic drift","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129862","article-title":"Restoring missing gaps and intervals via global consistency and local coherence","volume":"301","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2025.122878","article-title":"EDULIS: edge-aware deep unfolding network for low-light instance segmentation","volume":"730","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-025-05477-x","article-title":"Early warnings in tweets: detecting pre-retraction signals and their association with retraction timing through natural language processing and survival analysis","volume":"130","author":"Amiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0043","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","first-page":"12159","article-title":"Vision transformers for dense prediction","author":"Ranftl","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.120","article-title":"SLIC superpixels compared to state-of-the-art superpixel methods","volume":"34","author":"Achanta","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0045","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","first-page":"9630","article-title":"Emerging properties in self-supervised vision transformers","author":"Caron","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0046","series-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, in NIPS \u201922","first-page":"18527","article-title":"Neural sheaf diffusion: a topological perspective on heterophily and oversmoothing in GNNs","author":"Bodnar","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0047","series-title":"Proceedings of Topological, Algebraic, and Geometric Learning Workshops 2022","first-page":"28","article-title":"Sheaf Neural Networks with connection laplacians","author":"Barbero","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(05)80008-4","article-title":"The chemical basis of morphogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Turing","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0049","series-title":"Dynamics of Infinite Dimensional Systems","first-page":"123","article-title":"Asymptotic behavior of gradient dissipative systems","author":"Hale","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0050","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Mathematics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71285-5","article-title":"Differential equations driven by rough paths: \u00e9cole d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 de probabilit\u00e9s de saint-flour XXXIV - 2004","volume":"1908","author":"Lyons","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0051","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Robot Learning","first-page":"17","article-title":"CORe50: a new dataset and benchmark for continuous object recognition","author":"Lomonaco","year":"2017"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00925","article-title":"Ripser.Py: a lean persistent homology library for Python","volume":"3","author":"Tralie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0053","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, in KDD\u201996","first-page":"226","article-title":"A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise","author":"Ester","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0054","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Robot Learning","first-page":"17","article-title":"CORe50: a new dataset and benchmark for continuous object recognition","author":"Lomonaco","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110576","article-title":"Candidate ratio guided proximal policy optimization","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."}],"container-title":["Knowledge-Based Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950705126009342?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950705126009342?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T01:10:36Z","timestamp":1780017036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0950705126009342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0950705126009342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-7051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-7051","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Morphogenetic visual systems: Self-organizing perception for the open world","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Knowledge-Based Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116208","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116208"}}