{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:15:46Z","timestamp":1783656946924,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Knowledge-Based Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:12:06Z","timestamp":1782749526000},"page":"116535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prototype Forest in multiple instance learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"350","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5297-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozgur Emre","family":"Sivrikaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3971-4137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Erdem","family":"Banak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berk","family":"G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa G.","family":"Baydo\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b1","series-title":"Multiple instance learning repository","author":"Kucukasci","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.248","article-title":"MILES: Multiple-instance learning via embedded instance selection","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b3","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Multi-instance learning by treating instances as non-iid samples","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b4","series-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Attention-based deep multiple instance learning","volume":"80","author":"Ilse","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(96)00034-3","article-title":"Solving the multiple instance problem with axis-parallel rectangles","volume":"89","author":"Dietterich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S026988890999035X","article-title":"A review of multi-instance learning assumptions","volume":"25","author":"Foulds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knowl. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b7","series-title":"A Framework for Multiple-Instance Learning","first-page":"570","author":"Maron","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b8","article-title":"EM-DD: An improved multiple-instance learning technique","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b9","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Solving the multiple-instance problem: A lazy learning approach","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. 17th Int. Con. Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2013.06.003","article-title":"Multiple instance classification: Review, taxonomy and comparative study","author":"Amores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. 201"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b11","article-title":"Instance-level accuracy versus bag-level accuracy in multi-instance learning","volume":"30","author":"Vanwinckelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b12","series-title":"International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems","first-page":"13","article-title":"Combining instance information to classify bags","author":"Cheplygina","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Wu, Y. Yu, C. Huang, K. Yu, Deep multiple instance learning for image classification and auto-annotation, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 3460\u20133469.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298968"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00682-w","article-title":"Data-efficient and weakly supervised computational pathology on whole-slide images","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b15","first-page":"2136","article-title":"TransMIL: Transformer based correlated multiple instance learning for whole slide image classification","volume":"34","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Zhang, Y. Meng, Y. Zhao, Y. Qiao, X. Yang, S.E. Coupland, Y. Zheng, DTFD-MIL: Double-tier feature distillation multiple instance learning for histopathology whole slide image classification, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 18802\u201318812.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01824"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b17","series-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2024","first-page":"362","article-title":"PAMIL: Prototype attention-based multiple instance learning for whole slide image classification","volume":"vol. 15004","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.07.022","article-title":"Multiple instance learning with bag dissimilarities","volume":"48","author":"Cheplygina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2424254","article-title":"Dissimilarity-based ensembles for multiple instance learning","volume":"27","author":"Cheplygina","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Li, Y. Li, K.W. Eliceiri, Dual-stream multiple instance learning network for whole slide image classification with self-supervised contrastive learning, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2021, pp. 14318\u201314328.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01409"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b21","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"560","article-title":"IIB-MIL: Integrated instance-level and bag-level multiple instances learning with label disambiguation for pathological image analysis","author":"Ren","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.10.005","article-title":"Landmark-based deep multi-instance learning for brain disease diagnosis","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.08.026","article-title":"Revisiting multiple instance neural networks","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b24","series-title":"Asian Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"662","article-title":"Deep multi-instance learning with dynamic pooling","author":"Yan","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Lv, Z. Yue, Q. Sun, B. Luo, Z. Cui, H. Zhang, Unbiased multiple instance learning for weakly supervised video anomaly detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2023, pp. 8022\u20138031.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00775"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Chen, L. Li, L. Su, Z.-j. Zha, Q. Huang, Prompt-enhanced multiple instance learning for weakly supervised video anomaly detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2024, pp. 18319\u201318329.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01734"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1145\/1015330.1015405","article-title":"Svm-based generalized multiple-instance learning via approximate box counting","author":"Tao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Twenty-First Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4707424","article-title":"Acoustic classification of multiple simultaneous bird species: A multi-instance multilabel approach","volume":"131","author":"Briggs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123893","article-title":"Exploring multiple instance learning (MIL): A brief survey","volume":"250","author":"Waqas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.3906\/elk-2101-103","article-title":"Learning prototypes in multiple instance learning","volume":"29","author":"Sivrikaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b31","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"7","article-title":"Multi-instance kernels","volume":"2","author":"G\u00e4rtner","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b32","series-title":"International Workshop on Similarity-Based Pattern Recognition","first-page":"222","article-title":"Bag dissimilarities for multiple instance learning","author":"Tax","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b33","series-title":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML PKDD 2022)","first-page":"421","article-title":"ProtoMIL: Multiple instance learning with prototypical parts for whole-slide image classification","volume":"vol. 13713","author":"Rymarczyk","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.194","article-title":"Fast bundle algorithm for multiple-instance learning","volume":"34","author":"Bergeron","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b35","series-title":"AAAI\/IAAI","first-page":"943","article-title":"Multiple instance learning with generalized support vector machines","author":"Andrews","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10957-007-9343-5","article-title":"Multiple instance classification via successive linear programming","volume":"137","author":"Mangasarian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.11.022","article-title":"A maximum-margin multisphere approach for binary multiple instance learning","volume":"299","author":"Astorino","year":"2022","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b38","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"125","article-title":"Attention-challenging multiple instance learning for whole slide image classification","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b39","series-title":"The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"CAMIL: Context-aware multiple instance learning for cancer detection and subtyping in whole slide images","author":"Fourkioti","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b40","series-title":"Advances in Artificial Intelligence: 14th Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, AI 2001 Ottawa, Canada, June 7\u20139, 2001 Proceedings 14","first-page":"204","article-title":"Solving multiple-instance and multiple-part learning problems with decision trees and rule sets. Application to the mutagenesis problem","author":"Chevaleyre","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b41","series-title":"Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"362","article-title":"Propositionalisation of multi-instance data using random forests","author":"Frank","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.08.020","article-title":"Bag encoding strategies in multiple instance learning problems","volume":"467","author":"Kucukasci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b43","series-title":"2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3768","article-title":"Multiple instance learning with response-optimized random forests","author":"Straehle","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Blockeel, D. Page, A. Srinivasan, Multi-instance tree learning, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning, 2005, pp. 57\u201364.","DOI":"10.1145\/1102351.1102359"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022643204877","article-title":"Induction of decision trees","volume":"1","author":"Quinlan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b47","series-title":"Principal Component Analysis","author":"Jolliffe","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b48","first-page":"199","article-title":"Comparing the use of background knowledge by inductive logic programming systems","author":"Srinivasan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. the 5th Int. Work. Inductive Logic Program. Dep. Comput. Sci. Kathol. Universiteit Leuven"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b49","first-page":"228","article-title":"Empowering multiple instance histopathology cancer diagnosis by cell graphs","author":"Kandemir","year":"2014","journal-title":"In: Med. Image Comput. Computer-Assisted Interv. - MICCAI"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-005-5602-z","article-title":"Multi-instance learning based web mining","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-006-0029-3","article-title":"Solving multi-instance problems with classifier ensemble based on constructive clustering","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2519102","article-title":"Scalable algorithms for multi-instance learning","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77494","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-2464","article-title":"SM: Enhanced localization in multiple instance learning for medical imaging classification","volume":"37","author":"Castro-Mac\u00edas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b54","series-title":"torchmil: A pytorch-based library for deep multiple instance learning","author":"Castro-Mac\u00edas","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731944","article-title":"A comparison of alternative tests of significance for the problem of m rankings","volume":"11","author":"Friedman","year":"1940","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535_b56","series-title":"Distribution-free Multiple Comparisons","author":"Nemenyi","year":"1963"}],"container-title":["Knowledge-Based Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095070512601261X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095070512601261X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:39:18Z","timestamp":1783654758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095070512601261X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S095070512601261X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-7051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-7051","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prototype Forest in multiple instance learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Knowledge-Based Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2026.116535","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116535"}}