{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T01:55:20Z","timestamp":1783821320955,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Latin American Journal of Central Banking"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:04:21Z","timestamp":1720440261000},"page":"100140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in Latin America and the Caribbean"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Viviana Alfonso","family":"C","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3909-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Kamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5409-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Zampolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0001","article-title":"Retail payments in Latin America and the Caribbean: present and future","author":"Alfonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"BIS Q. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0002","first-page":"21","article-title":"DeFi risks and the decentralization illusion","author":"Aramonte","year":"2021","journal-title":"BIS Q. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0003","first-page":"31","article-title":"Initial steps towards a central bank digital currency by the Central Bank of Brazil","volume":"123","author":"Araujo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BIS Papers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0004","article-title":"Dinero Electr\u00f3nico: the rise and fall of Ecuador's central bank digital currency","volume":"2","author":"Arauz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Latin Am. J. Central Bank."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0006","unstructured":"Auer, R, Boehme, R, 2021. Central bank digital currency: the quest for minimally invasive technology. BIS Working Papers 948, June."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auer, R, Cornelli, G, Frost, J, 2020. Rise of the central bank digital currencies: drivers, approaches and technologies. BIS Working Papers 880, August.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3724070"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0005","article-title":"CBDCs beyond borders: results from a survey of central banks","volume":"116","author":"Auer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BIS Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0008","unstructured":"Auer, R, P Haene and H Holden (2021a): \u201dMulti-CBDC arrangements and the future of cross-border payments\u201d, BIS Papers, no 115."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0009","first-page":"924","article-title":"Distributed ledgers and the governance of money","author":"Auer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BIS Working Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0012","unstructured":"Bank for International Settlements, 2019. Big tech in finance: opportunities and risks. Annual Economic Report, Chapter III, June."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0013","unstructured":"Bank for International Settlements, 2021. CBDCs: an opportunity for the monetary system. Annual Economic Report, Chapter III, June."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0014","unstructured":"Bank for International Settlements, 2023. Blueprint for the future monetary system: improving the old, enabling the new. Annual Economic Report, Chapter III, June."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0010","series-title":"Project Nexus. Enabling instant Cross-Border payments. Conclusions from a Technical Proof of Concept Between the Eurosystem, Malaysia and Singapore","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0015","article-title":"Proceeding with caution - a survey on central bank digital currency","volume":"101","author":"Barontini","year":"2019","journal-title":"BIS Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0017","unstructured":"Boar, C, Wehrli, A, 2021. Ready, steady, go? \u2013 results of the third BIS survey on central bank digital currency. BIS Papers, no 114, January."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0016","article-title":"Impending arrival \u2013 a sequel to the survey on central bank digital currency","volume":"107","author":"Boar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BIS Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2023.100116","article-title":"Tiered access in RTGS systems: a DLT-based approach","volume":"5","author":"C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0018","series-title":"DeFi and the Future of Finance","author":"Campbell","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0020","series-title":"The Future of Money and Payments","author":"Carstens","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0021","unstructured":"Central Banking, 2021. DCash: motivations, challenges, and lessons from the first monetary union CBDC pilot. Available at https:\/\/www.centralbanking.com\/awards\/7869481\/dcash-motivations-challenges-and-lessons-from-the-first-monetary-union-cbdc-pilot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0022","unstructured":"Chainanalysis, 2020. The 2020 geography of cryptocurrency report. Analysis of geographic trends in cryptocurrency adoption and usage. September."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib52","series-title":"Application of the principles for financial market infrastructures to stablecoin arrangements. CPMI Papers 198, October","author":"Committee on Payments","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0024","article-title":"Covid-19 accelerated the digitalisation of payments","year":"2021","journal-title":"Red Book Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI), BIS Innovation Hub (BISIH), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB), 2021. Central bank digital currencies for cross-border payments. Report to the G20, July.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781513589039.007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0028","unstructured":"European Central Bank, 2020. Report on a digital euro, October."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0029","unstructured":"Financial Stability Board (FSB), 2020. Enhancing Cross-border payments \u2013 Stage 1 assessment report to the G20, April."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0030","article-title":"BigTech and the changing structure of financial intermediation","author":"Frost","year":"2019","journal-title":"BIS Working Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0031","unstructured":"Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre, 2021. Cybersecurity capacity maturity model for nations. March, https:\/\/gcscc.ox.ac.uk\/the-cmm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0032","article-title":"The mobile economy Latin","volume":"2022","year":"2022","journal-title":"America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0033","author":"Gross"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0034","series-title":"Central Bank Digital Currencies: Foundational Features and Core Features","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0035","unstructured":"Group of Seven (G7), 2021. Public policy principles for retail central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). October."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/17538963.2020.1870272","article-title":"Digitalization of cross-border payments","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Economic. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0037","series-title":"Cybersecurity risks, progress, and the way forward in Latin America and the Caribbean. 2020 Cybersecurity Report","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0038","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund, 2020. Digital money across borders: macro-financial implications. IMF Policy Paper 020\/050, October."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khiaonarong, T, Humphrey, D, 2019. Cash use across countries and the demand for central bank digital currency. IMF Working Paper 19\/46, March.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781484399606.001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiff, J, Alwazir, J, Davidovic, S, Farias, A, Khan, A, Khiaonarong, T, Malaika, M, Monroe, H, Sugimoto, N, Tourpe, H, Zhou, P, 2020. A survey of research on retail central bank digital currency. IMF Working Paper 20\/104, June.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781513547787.001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0041","unstructured":"Ledger Insights, 2024. Bahamas Sand Dollar CBDC has $2.1m in circulation after 3 years. Available at https:\/\/www.ledgerinsights.com\/bahamas-sand-dollar-cbdc-has-2-1m-in-circulation-after-3-years\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0042","series-title":"Latin America Reserve Fund Working Paper","article-title":"Financial dollarization and de-dollarization in the new millennium","author":"Levy-Yeyati","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancini-Griffoli, T, Martinez, M S, Agur, I, Ari, A, Kiff, J, Popescu, A, Rochon, C, 2018. Casting light on central bank digital currency. IMF Staff Discussion Note 18\/08.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781484384572.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0044","unstructured":"Maniff, J, Wong, P, 2020. Comparing means of payment: what role for a central bank digital currency?. Fed Notes, 13 August."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0045","article-title":"Implementing a retail CBDC: lessons learned and key insights","volume":"2","author":"Morales-Resendiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Latin Am. J. Central Bank."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0046","series-title":"The Future of money. How the Digital Revolution is Transforming Currencies and Finance","author":"Prasad","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0047","unstructured":"Riksbank, 2020. E-krona. https:\/\/www.riksbank.se\/en-gb\/payments\u2013cash\/e-krona\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarmiento, A, 2021. Seven lessons from the e-Peso pilot plan: the possibility of a central bank digital currency. Presentation for CEMLA.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2022.100062"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0049","article-title":"Technology approach for a CBDC. Bank of Canada Staff","volume":"2020-6","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analytical Note"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0050","article-title":"Behind the scenes of central bank digital currency: emerging trends, insights, and policy lessons","author":"Soderberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"IMF Fintech Note,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tinn, K, Dubach, C, 2021. Central bank digital currency with asymmetric privacy. February. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3787088.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3787088"}],"container-title":["Latin American Journal of Central Banking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266614382400022X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266614382400022X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T01:01:39Z","timestamp":1741050099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S266614382400022X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S266614382400022X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-1438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-1438","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in Latin America and the Caribbean","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.latcb.2024.100140","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Bank for International Settlements. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Center for Latin American Monetary Studies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100140"}}