{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:28:42Z","timestamp":1773883722907,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82160345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Image Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T20:38:54Z","timestamp":1763325534000},"page":"103869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["PASB: Pathology-aware Schr\u00f6dinger bridge for virtual immunohistochemical staining"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5858-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanhao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen-Li","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6840-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9366-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01104-7","article-title":"Deep learning-enabled virtual histological staining of biological samples","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","article-title":"Qupath: open source software for digital pathology image analysis","volume":"7","author":"Bankhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.2986331","article-title":"ANHIR: automatic non-rigid histological image registration challenge","volume":"39","author":"Borovec","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0004","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"356","article-title":"Region-guided cyclegans for stain transfer in whole slide images","author":"Boyd","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0005","unstructured":"Campanella, G., Hanna, M. G., Brogi, E., Fuchs, T. J., 2019. Breast metastases to axillary lymph nodes. 10.7937\/TCIA.2019.3XBN2JCC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0006","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"384","article-title":"Pathological semantics-preserving learning for h&e-to-IHC virtual staining","author":"Chen","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00697-3","article-title":"Novel uses of immunohistochemistry in breast pathology: interpretation and pitfalls","volume":"34","author":"Cimino-Mathews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0008","first-page":"17695","article-title":"Diffusion Schr\u00f6dinger bridge with applications to score-based generative modeling","volume":"34","author":"De Bortoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw076","article-title":"Performances of the H-score for diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adult and pediatric patients","volume":"145","author":"Debaugnies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25221-2","article-title":"Deep learning-based transformation of h&e stained tissues into special stains","volume":"12","author":"de Haan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0011","series-title":"Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","first-page":"143","article-title":"VIMS: virtual immunohistochemistry multiplex staining via text-to-stain diffusion trained on uniplex stains","author":"Dubey","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-014-0221-9","article-title":"Different approaches for interpretation and reporting of immunohistochemistry analysis results in the bone tissue\u2013a review","volume":"9","author":"Fedchenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0013","series-title":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","first-page":"4429","article-title":"Soft-constrained Schr\u00f6dinger bridge: a stochastic control approach","author":"Garg","year":"2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1145\/3422622","article-title":"Generative adversarial networks","volume":"63","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2024.3430825","article-title":"PST-DIFF: achieving high-consistency stain transfer by diffusion models with pathological and structural constraints","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0016","first-page":"6840","article-title":"Denoising diffusion probabilistic models","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103289","article-title":"PathoDuet: foundation models for pathological slide analysis of h&e and IHC stains","volume":"97","author":"Hua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0018","series-title":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Weakly unpaired image translation from hematoxylin and eosin staining image to immunohistochemistry staining image","author":"Huang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0019","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"9307","article-title":"Rethinking FID: Towards a better evaluation metric for image generation","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0020","unstructured":"Kataria, T., Knudsen, B., Elhabian, S. Y., 2024. Staindiffuser: multitask dual diffusion model for virtual staining. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2403.11340."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0021","series-title":"ICLR","article-title":"Unpaired image-to-image translation via neural schr\u00f6dinger bridge","author":"Kim","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0022","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kim, B., Ye, J. C., 2024b. Latent Schrodinger bridge: prompting latent diffusion for fast unpaired image-to-image translation. 2411.14863. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2411.14863."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2024.02.009","article-title":"Virtual staining for histology by deep learning","volume":"42","author":"Latonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0024","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1952","article-title":"BBDM: image-to-image translation with brownian bridge diffusion models","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0025","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"632","article-title":"Adaptive supervised patchnce loss for learning h&e-to-ihc stain translation with inconsistent groundtruth image pairs","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0026","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"11259","article-title":"Virtual immunohistochemistry staining for histological images assisted by weakly-supervised learning","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0027","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"113","article-title":"Exploiting supervision information in weakly paired images for IHC virtual staining","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0028","unstructured":"Lippe, P., Cohen, T., Gavves, E., 2021. Efficient neural causal discovery without acyclicity constraints. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2107.10483."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0029","unstructured":"Liu, G.-H., Vahdat, A., Huang, D.-A., Theodorou, E. A., Nie, W., Anandkumar, A., 2023. I \u03982 SB: image-to-image Schr\\\u201d odinger bridge. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2302.05872."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3069874","article-title":"Unpaired stain transfer using pathology-consistent constrained generative adversarial networks","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0031","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1815","article-title":"BCI: breast cancer immunohistochemical image generation through pyramid pix2pix","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0032","series-title":"A convNet for the 2020s","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02856-4","article-title":"A visual-language foundation model for computational pathology","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00682-w","article-title":"Data-efficient and weakly supervised computational pathology on whole-slide images","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108046","article-title":"DSFF-GAN: a novel stain transfer network for generating immunohistochemical image of endometrial cancer","volume":"170","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0036","series-title":"Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2020: 16th European Conference, Glasgow, UK, August 23\u201328, 2020, Proceedings, Part IX 16","first-page":"319","article-title":"Contrastive learning for unpaired image-to-image translation","author":"Park","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00889-5","article-title":"Accelerating histopathology workflows with generative AI-based virtually multiplexed tumour profiling","volume":"6","author":"Pati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.21975","article-title":"The data-driven Schr\u00f6dinger bridge","volume":"74","author":"Pavon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0039","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"3","article-title":"Advancing h&e-to-IHC virtual staining with task-specific domain knowledge for HER2 scoring","author":"Peng","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0040","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","first-page":"2369","article-title":"Weakly supervised virtual immunohistochemistry staining via Schr\u00f6dinger bridge method","author":"Qiu","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0041","article-title":"Lipid droplets characterization in adipocyte differentiated 3t3-l1 cells: size and optical density distribution","volume":"57","author":"Rizzatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem. EJH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0042","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"549","article-title":"StainDiff: transfer stain styles of histology images with denoising diffusion probabilistic models and self-ensemble","author":"Shen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0043","series-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"1792","article-title":"Conditional simulation using diffusion schr\u00f6dinger bridges","author":"Shi","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0044","unstructured":"Song, Y., Sohl-Dickstein, J., Kingma, D. P., Kumar, A., Ermon, S., Poole, B., 2020. Score-based generative modeling through stochastic differential equations. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2011.13456."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12662","article-title":"Comparison of immunoreactive score, HER2\/neu score and H score for the immunohistochemical evaluation of somatostatin receptors in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"67","author":"Specht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0046","unstructured":"Tong, A., Fatras, K., Malkin, N., Huguet, G., Zhang, Y., Rector-Brooks, J., Wolf, G., Bengio, Y., 2023. Improving and generalizing flow-based generative models with minibatch optimal transport. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2302.00482."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0047","unstructured":"van der Laak, J., Lotz, J., Weiss, N., Heldmann, S., 2021. Hyreco - hybrid re-stained and consecutive histological serial sections. 10.21227\/pzj5-bs61."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3390\/e23091134","article-title":"Solving Schr\u00f6dinger bridges via maximum likelihood","volume":"23","author":"Vargas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0049","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","first-page":"2982","article-title":"Mix-domain contrastive learning for unpaired h&e-to-IHC stain translation","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0050","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","first-page":"2982","article-title":"Mix-domain contrastive learning for unpaired h&e-to-ihc stain translation","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0051","series-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR)","first-page":"25920","article-title":"ODA-GAN: orthogonal decoupling alignment gan assisted by weakly-supervised learning for virtual immunohistochemistry staining","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102520","article-title":"MVFStain: multiple virtual functional stain histopathology images generation based on specific domain mapping","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869_bib0053","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"2223","article-title":"Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks","author":"Zhu","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Medical Image Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361841525004153?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361841525004153?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:43:57Z","timestamp":1773863037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1361841525004153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S1361841525004153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-8415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-8415","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PASB: Pathology-aware Schr\u00f6dinger bridge for virtual immunohistochemical staining","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Image Analysis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2025.103869","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103869"}}