{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T11:04:30Z","timestamp":1775387070246,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017071","name":"Toyota Motor Engineering and Manufacturing North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HORIZON-CL4-2022-DATA-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HORIZON-CL4-2022-DATA-01-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurocomputing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:48:34Z","timestamp":1773161314000},"page":"133290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["MEWS: Semantic image segmentation with multiclass extreme weak supervision"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"680","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8871-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Apostolidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Mygdalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tzimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Pitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0005","series-title":"2023 IEEE 9th Intl Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud (BigDataSecurity), IEEE Intl Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, (HPSC) and IEEE Intl Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (IDS)","first-page":"10","article-title":"A survey of weakly-supervised semantic segmentation","author":"Zhu","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3707447","article-title":"Weakly-supervised semantic segmentation with image-level labels: From traditional models to foundation models","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0015","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"Unsupervised semantic segmentation by distilling feature correspondences","author":"Hamilton","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Kim, W. Han, D. Ju, S.J. Hwang, Eagle: Eigen aggregation learning for object-centric unsupervised semantic segmentation, 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00338"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.S. Seong, W. Moon, S. Lee, J.-P. Heo, Leveraging hidden positives for unsupervised semantic segmentation, 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01872"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Cordts, M. Omran, S. Ramos, T. Rehfeld, M. Enzweiler, R. Benenson, U. Franke, S. Roth, B. Schiele, The cityscapes dataset for semantic urban scene understanding, 2016.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.350"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0035","unstructured":"A. Radford, J.W. Kim, C. Hallacy, A. Ramesh, G. Goh, S. Agarwal, G. Sastry, A. Askell, P. Mishkin, J. Clark, G. Krueger, I. Sutskever, Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Lin, M. Chen, W. Wang, B. Wu, K. Li, B. Lin, H. Liu, X. He, Clip is also an efficient segmenter: A text-driven approach for weakly supervised semantic segmentation, 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01469"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0045","unstructured":"Q.-S. Zeng, Y. Li, D. Zhou, G. Li, Q. Hou, M.-M. Cheng, MaskCLIP++: A mask-based CLIP fine-tuning framework for open-vocabulary image segmentation, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0050","series-title":"2025 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"20223","article-title":"Exploring CLIP\u2019s Dense Knowledge for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation","author":"Yang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. L\u00fcddecke, A.S. Ecker, Image segmentation using text and image prompts, 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00695"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Cao, C. Shen, T. Huang, Images speak in images: A generalist painter for in-context visual learning, 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00660"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Cao, W. Wang, C. Shen, T. Huang, Seggpt: Segmenting everything in context, 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00110"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0070","article-title":"Extreme weakly supervised binary semantic image segmentation via one-pixel supervision","author":"Tzimas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0075","unstructured":"A. Dosovitskiy, L. Beyer, A. Kolesnikov, D. Weissenborn, X. Zhai, T. Unterthiner, M. Dehghani, M. Minderer, G. Heigold, S. Gelly, J. Uszkoreit, N. Houlsby, An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Ji, J.F. Henriques, A. Vedaldi, Invariant information clustering for unsupervised image classification and segmentation, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0085","unstructured":"J.H. Cho, U. Mall, K. Bala, B. Hariharan, Picie: Unsupervised semantic segmentation using invariance and equivariance in clustering, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2023.07.004","article-title":"Unsupervised image segmentation with robust virtual class contrast","volume":"173","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Caron, H. Touvron, I. Misra, H. J\u00e9gou, J. Mairal, P. Bojanowski, A. Joulin, Emerging properties in self-supervised vision transformers, 2021.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00951"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0100","article-title":"DINOv2: Learning robust visual features without supervision","author":"Oquab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0105","unstructured":"O. Sim\u00e9oni, H.V. Vo, M. Seitzer, F. Baldassarre, M. Oquab, C. Jose, V. Khalidov, M. Szafraniec, S. Yi, M. Ramamonjisoa, F. Massa, D. Haziza, L. Wehrstedt, J. Wang, T. Darcet, T. Moutakanni, L. Sentana, C. Roberts, A. Vedaldi, J. Tolan, J. Brandt, C. Couprie, J. Mairal, H. J\u00e9gou, P. Labatut, P. Bojanowski, Dinov3, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0110","series-title":"2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"2921","article-title":"Learning deep features for discriminative localization","author":"Zhou","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01228-7","article-title":"Grad-cam: Visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization","volume":"128","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110251","article-title":"Cr-cam: Generating explanations for deep neural networks by contrasting and ranking features","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0125","article-title":"High-resolution rectified gradient-based visual explanations for weakly supervised segmentation","volume":"129","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.108663","article-title":"End-to-end weakly supervised semantic segmentation with reliable region mining","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110787","article-title":"Enhanced online cam: Single-stage weakly supervised semantic segmentation via collaborative guidance","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Jo, I.-J. Yu, K. Kim, Mars: Model-agnostic biased object removal without additional supervision for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation, 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00063"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Kirillov, E. Mintun, N. Ravi, H. Mao, C. Rolland, L. Gustafson, T. Xiao, S. Whitehead, A.C. Berg, W.-Y. Lo, P. Doll\u00e1r, R. Girshick, Segment anything, 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0150","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","first-page":"1921","article-title":"Context-aware feature generation for zero-shot semantic segmentation","author":"Gu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111505","article-title":"Cgvit: Cross-image groupvit for zero-shot semantic segmentation","volume":"164","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Pastore, F. Cermelli, Y. Xian, M. Mancini, Z. Akata, B. Caputo, A closer look at self-training for zero-label semantic segmentation, 2021.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00303"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Shaban, S. Bansal, Z. Liu, I. Essa, B. Boots, One-shot learning for semantic segmentation, 2017.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.31.167"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0170","unstructured":"Z. Tian, H. Zhao, M. Shu, Z. Yang, R. Li, J. Jia, Prior guided feature enrichment network for few-shot segmentation, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Wang, J.H. Liew, Y. Zou, D. Zhou, J. Feng, Panet: Few-shot image semantic segmentation with prototype alignment, 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00929"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Ding, N. Xue, G.-S. Xia, D. Dai, Decoupling zero-shot semantic segmentation, 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01129"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0185","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","article-title":"Open-vocabulary universal image segmentation with maskclip","author":"Zhuowen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.-S. Lin, C.-Y. Wang, Y.-C.F. Wang, M.-H. Chen, Semantic prompt learning for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation, 2025.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV61041.2025.00849"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Sun, W. Wang, J. Dai, L. Van Gool, Mining cross-image semantics for weakly supervised semantic segmentation, 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58536-5_21"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Wang, T. Zhou, F. Yu, J. Dai, E. Konukoglu, L. Van Gool, Exploring cross-image pixel contrast for semantic segmentation, 2021.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00721"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0205","series-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2016","first-page":"549","article-title":"What\u2019s the point: Semantic segmentation with point supervision","author":"Bearman","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0210","unstructured":"R.A. McEver, B.S. Manjunath, Pcams: Weakly supervised semantic segmentation using point supervision, 2020."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-023-01862-2","article-title":"Toward practical weakly supervised semantic segmentation via point-level supervision","volume":"131","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0220","article-title":"Modeling the label distributions for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0225","series-title":"IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recog","first-page":"15454","article-title":"Sparsely annotated semantic segmentation with adaptive gaussian mixtures","author":"Wu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7419","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3222904","article-title":"Deep bilateral filtering network for point-supervised semantic segmentation in remote sensing images","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0235","series-title":"Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC)","first-page":"119.1","article-title":"Learning local feature descriptors with triplets and shallow convolutional neural networks","author":"Daniel","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0240","series-title":"2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"815","article-title":"Facenet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering","author":"Schroff","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0245","first-page":"1","article-title":"Person re-identification using vision transformer and centroid triplet loss","volume":"83","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multim. Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0250","series-title":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). LOCATION OF CONFERENCE, United StatesDATE OF CONFERENCE;","first-page":"1960","article-title":"Blaze: A dataset for wildfire and burnt area uav image classification and segmentation","author":"Siavrakas","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290_bib0255","unstructured":"S. Venkataramanan, V. Pariza, M. Salehi, L. Knobel, S. Gidaris, E. Ramzi, A. Bursuc, Y.M. Asano, Franca: Nested matryoshka clustering for scalable visual representation learning, 2026."}],"container-title":["Neurocomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925231226006879?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925231226006879?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T10:27:47Z","timestamp":1775384867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925231226006879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0925231226006879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-2312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-2312","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"MEWS: Semantic image segmentation with multiclass extreme weak supervision","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurocomputing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133290","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"133290"}}