{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:46:18Z","timestamp":1785843978286,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurocomputing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T14:52:50Z","timestamp":1776523970000},"page":"133722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Uni-DTR: A unified framework for balancing knowledge preservation and adaptation in exemplar-free class-incremental learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"686","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9887-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6479-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.05.004","article-title":"What learning systems do intelligent agents need? Complementary learning systems theory updated","volume":"20","author":"Kumaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0010","series-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60536-8","article-title":"Catastrophic interference in connectionist networks: the sequential learning problem","volume":"vol. 24","author":"McCloskey","year":"1989"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01294-2","article-title":"Catastrophic forgetting in connectionist networks","volume":"3","author":"French","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0020","author":"Goodfellow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"Measuring catastrophic forgetting in neural networks","volume":"vol. 32","author":"Kemker","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.004","article-title":"Continual learning for robotics: definition, framework, learning strategies, opportunities and challenges","volume":"58","author":"Lesort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5513","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3213473","article-title":"Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classification","volume":"45","author":"Masana","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.09.004","article-title":"Embracing change: continual learning in deep neural networks","volume":"24","author":"Hadsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3367329","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of continual learning: theory, method and application","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9851","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3429383","article-title":"Class-incremental learning: a survey","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0055","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)","first-page":"8363","article-title":"Continual learning with pre-trained models: a survey","author":"Zhou","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.2.285","article-title":"Connectionist models of recognition memory: constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions","volume":"97","author":"Ratcliff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099550039318","article-title":"Catastrophic forgetting, rehearsal and pseudorehearsal","volume":"7","author":"Robins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0070","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Icarl: incremental classifier and representation learning","author":"Rebuffi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0075","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","first-page":"233","article-title":"End-to-end incremental learning","author":"Castro","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0080","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"831","article-title":"Learning a unified classifier incrementally via rebalancing","author":"Hou","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0085","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"86","article-title":"Podnet: pooled outputs distillation for small-tasks incremental learning","author":"Douillard","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0090","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"466","article-title":"Remind your neural network to prevent catastrophic forgetting","author":"Hayes","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6582","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-0288","article-title":"Fecam: exploiting the heterogeneity of class distributions in exemplar-free continual learning","volume":"36","author":"Goswami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.109561","article-title":"Exemplar-free class incremental learning via discriminative and comparable parallel one-class classifiers","volume":"140","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.10.021","article-title":"Online continual learning in image classification: an empirical survey","volume":"469","author":"Mai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0110","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"5871","article-title":"Prototype augmentation and self-supervision for incremental learning","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0115","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"9296","article-title":"Self-sustaining representation expansion for non-exemplar class-incremental learning","author":"Zhu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0120","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"9374","article-title":"Always be dreaming: a new approach for data-free class-incremental learning","author":"Smith","year":"2021"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114","article-title":"Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networks","volume":"114","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2773081","article-title":"Learning without forgetting","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0135","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"6982","article-title":"Semantic drift compensation for class-incremental learning","author":"Yu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0140","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2544","article-title":"Adaptive aggregation networks for class-incremental learning","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.01.012","article-title":"Continual lifelong learning with neural networks: a review","volume":"113","author":"Parisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0150","first-page":"3366","article-title":"A continual learning survey: defying forgetting in classification tasks","volume":"44","author":"De Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0155","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"374","article-title":"Large scale incremental learning","author":"Wu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0160","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"5138","article-title":"Learning without memorizing","author":"Dhar","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80774-8","article-title":"Continual deep reinforcement learning with task-agnostic policy distillation","volume":"14","author":"Hafez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0170","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","first-page":"139","article-title":"Memory aware synapses: learning what (not) to forget","author":"Aljundi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0175","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"3987","article-title":"Continual learning through synaptic intelligence","author":"Zenke","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0180","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","first-page":"532","article-title":"Riemannian walk for incremental learning: understanding forgetting and intransigence","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0185","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"4528","article-title":"Progress & compress: a scalable framework for continual learning","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0190","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"583","article-title":"IL2M: class incremental learning with dual memory","author":"Belouadah","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1127642","article-title":"Map-based experience replay: a memory-efficient solution to catastrophic forgetting in reinforcement learning","volume":"17","author":"Hafez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0200","series-title":"The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","article-title":"Divide and not forget: ensemble of selectively trained experts in continual learning","author":"Rype\u015b\u0107","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0205","first-page":"63268","article-title":"Task-recency bias strikes back: adapting covariances in exemplar-free class incremental learning","volume":"37","author":"Rype\u015b\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0210","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","first-page":"3911","article-title":"Fetril: feature translation for exemplar-free class-incremental learning","author":"Petit","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0215","series-title":"The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","article-title":"Elastic feature consolidation for cold start exemplar-free incremental learning","author":"Magistri","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0220","author":"Magistri"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0225","author":"Hinton"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0230","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"9285","article-title":"Dytox: transformers for continual learning with dynamic token expansion","author":"Douillard","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0235","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"13208","article-title":"Maintaining discrimination and fairness in class incremental learning","author":"Zhao","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0240","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"844","article-title":"SS-IL: separated softmax for incremental learning","author":"Ahn","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0245","first-page":"5065","article-title":"A theoretical study on solving continual learning","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0250","unstructured":"A. Krizhevsky, G. Hinton, et al., Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images, Technical Report, University of Toronto, 2009."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722_bib0255","first-page":"3","article-title":"Tiny imagenet visual recognition challenge","volume":"7","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"CS 231N"}],"container-title":["Neurocomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925231226011197?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925231226011197?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T13:32:46Z","timestamp":1778247166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925231226011197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0925231226011197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-2312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-2312","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Uni-DTR: A unified framework for balancing knowledge preservation and adaptation in exemplar-free class-incremental learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurocomputing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.133722","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"133722"}}