{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:49:05Z","timestamp":1776102545115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U24DA041123\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U24DA041123\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA050987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA050987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA050988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA050988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA050989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA050989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24DA041147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DA041147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T22:56:24Z","timestamp":1623970584000},"page":"118262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Meaningful associations in the adolescent brain cognitive development study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Anthony Steven","family":"Dick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Heeringa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chase","family":"Reuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hauke","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chun Chieh","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Haist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Deanna M.","family":"Barch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Terry L.","family":"Jernigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Garavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vani","family":"Pariyadath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wesley K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0001","first-page":"193","article-title":"Statistical nonsignificance in empirical economics","volume":"2","author":"Abadie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev.: Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902","article-title":"Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables","volume":"91","author":"Angrist","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Statist. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2018.02.004","article-title":"It has not been proven why or that most research findings are false","volume":"113","author":"Ashton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110397773","article-title":"Control variable use and reporting in macro and micro management research","volume":"15","author":"Atinc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0006","unstructured":"Bachman, J.G., Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M. & Schulenberg, J.E. The monitoring the future project after thirty-seven years: design and procedures. (2011)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.008","article-title":"Current, future and potential use of mobile and wearable technologies and social media data in the abcd study to increase understanding of contributors to child health","volume":"32","author":"Bagot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612459060","article-title":"The rules of the game called psychological science","volume":"7","author":"Bakker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010","article-title":"Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: rationale and description","volume":"32","author":"Barch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428105278021","article-title":"Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: a qualitative analysis with recommendations","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Org. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2053","article-title":"Statistical control in correlational studies: 10 essential recommendations for organizational researchers","volume":"37","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.038","article-title":"An expanded view of complex traits: from polygenic to omnigenic","volume":"169","author":"Boyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","article-title":"The adolescent brain cognitive development (abcd) study: imaging acquisition across 21 sites","volume":"32","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.03.022","article-title":"Registered reports: realigning incentives in scientific publishing","volume":"66","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0017","article-title":"National longitudinal study of adolescent health","author":"Chantala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Strategies to perform a design-based analysis using the add health data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0018","article-title":"Sensemakr: sensitivity analysis tools for ols in r and stata","author":"Cinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Submitted to the J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0020","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis. (1988)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.01.006","article-title":"Association of lifetime mental disorders and subsequent alcohol and illicit drug use: results from the national comorbidity survey\u2013adolescent supplement","volume":"55","author":"Conway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.01.018","article-title":"Nucleus accumbens inflammation mediates anxiodepressive behavior and compulsive sucrose seeking elicited by saturated dietary fat","volume":"10","author":"D\u00e9carie-Spain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on mri scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0609-3","article-title":"No evidence for a bilingual executive function advantage in the abcd study","volume":"3","author":"Dick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Human Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0025","first-page":"95","article-title":"RA fisher in the 21st century","author":"Efron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1236536","article-title":"Bayes\u2019 theorem in the 21st century","volume":"340","author":"Efron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2020.1762613","article-title":"Prediction, estimation, and attribution","volume":"115","author":"Efron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Statist. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0028","series-title":"Computer Age Statistical Inference","first-page":"5","author":"Efron","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.01502008.x","article-title":"Editors can lead researchers to confidence intervals, but can\u2019t make them think: statistical reform lessons from medicine","volume":"15","author":"Fidler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004","article-title":"Recruiting the abcd sample: design considerations and procedures","author":"Garavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217729162","article-title":"The failure of null hypothesis significance testing when studying incremental changes, and what to do about it","volume":"44","author":"Gelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2008.04.003","article-title":"A dirty dozen: twelve p-value misconceptions","volume":"45","author":"Goodman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0034","article-title":"Image processing and analysis methods for the adolescent brain cognitive development study","volume":"457739","author":"Hagler","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0035","series-title":"What If There Were No Significance tests?","author":"Harlow","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067552","article-title":"Testing hypotheses about direction of causation using cross-sectional family data","volume":"23","author":"Heath","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0037","article-title":"A guide for population-based analysis of the adolescent brain cognitive development (abcd) study baseline data","author":"Heeringa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0038","series-title":"Applied Survey Data Analysis","author":"Heeringa","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000222409.00878.37","article-title":"Instruments for causal inference: an epidemiologist\u2019s dream?","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1992.53.619","article-title":"Relationship of family history, antisocial personality disorder and personality traits in young men at risk for alcoholism","volume":"53","author":"Hesselbrock","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5808\/GI.2012.10.2.117","article-title":"Sample size and statistical power calculation in genetic association studies","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genom. Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116225","article-title":"The quandary of covarying: a brief review and empirical examination of covariate use in structural neuroimaging studies on psychological variables","volume":"205","author":"Hyatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0043","article-title":"The utility of twins in developmental clinical neuroscience research: how twins strengthen the abcd research design","author":"Iacono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0044","series-title":"National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988","author":"Ingels","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124","article-title":"Why most published research findings are false","volume":"2","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLos med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818131e7","article-title":"Why most discovered true associations are inflated","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10030340","article-title":"The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for syndromal and subsyndromal common dsm-iv axis i and all axis ii disorders","volume":"168","author":"Kendler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1200","article-title":"From many to one to many\u2014The search for causes of psychiatric illness","volume":"76","author":"Kendler","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164496056005002","article-title":"Practical significance: a concept whose time has come","volume":"56","author":"Kirk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(92)90013-W","article-title":"Reporting the size of effects in research studies to facilitate assessment of practical or clinical significance","volume":"17","author":"Kraemer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.3.334","article-title":"Conduct disorder: parsing the confounded relation to parental divorce and antisocial personality","volume":"97","author":"Lahey","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617697177","article-title":"Equivalence tests: a practical primer for t tests, correlations, and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Psychol. Pers. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10476404","article-title":"The fisher, neyman-pearson theories of testing hypotheses: one theory or two?","volume":"88","author":"Lehmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Statist. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxx063","article-title":"It\u2019s all about balance: propensity score matching in the context of complex survey data","volume":"20","author":"Lenis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-012-0339-5","article-title":"An introduction to sensitivity analysis for unobserved confounding in nonexperimental prevention research","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0057","article-title":"Polygenic score of intelligence is more predictive of crystallized than fluid performance among children","volume":"637512","author":"Loughnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.02.006","article-title":"Adolescent neurocognitive development and impacts of substance use: overview of the adolescent brain cognitive development (abcd) baseline neurocognition battery","author":"Luciana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2007.01.020","article-title":"Bootstrap hypothesis testing for some common statistical problems: a critical evaluation of size and power properties","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.2.376","article-title":"Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects","volume":"114","author":"McClelland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.4.386","article-title":"When effect sizes disagree: the case of r and d","volume":"11","author":"McGrath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meehl, P.E. High school yearbooks: a reply to schwarz. (1971).","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030750"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.2.128","article-title":"Psychological testing and psychological assessment: a review of evidence and issues","volume":"56","author":"Meyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4393","article-title":"Multimodal population brain imaging in the uk biobank prospective epidemiological study","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.5.2.241","article-title":"Null hypothesis significance testing: a review of an old and continuing controversy","volume":"5","author":"Nickerson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4540","article-title":"The challenges and opportunities of small effects: the new normal in academic psychiatry","volume":"76","author":"Paulus","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2006.00426.x","article-title":"Multilevel modelling of complex survey data","volume":"169","author":"Rabe-Hesketh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc.: Series A (Statistics in Society)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2014-0039","article-title":"Propensity score analysis with survey weighted data","volume":"3","author":"Ridgeway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Causal Inference"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0071","series-title":"Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral research: A correlational Approach","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0072","series-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13719","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder and divorce: evidence for a genetic correlation in a population-based swedish sample","volume":"112","author":"Salvatore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00813","article-title":"The meaningfulness of effect sizes in psychological research: differences between sub-disciplines and the impact of potential biases","volume":"10","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","article-title":"Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Schisterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/h0029360","article-title":"Comment on\" high school yearbooks: a nonreactive measure of social isolation in graduates who later became schizophrenic","volume":"75","author":"Schwarz","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033242","article-title":"P-curve: a key to the file-drawer","volume":"143","author":"Simonsohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exper. Psychol.: General"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110369842","article-title":"Methodological urban legends: the misuse of statistical control variables","volume":"14","author":"Spector","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0081","series-title":"The History of statistics: The measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900","author":"Stigler","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS313","article-title":"Matching methods for causal inference: a review and a look forward","volume":"25","author":"Stuart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. Sci.: Rev. J. Inst. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.12.004","article-title":"The structure of cognition in 9 and 10 year-old children and associations with problem behaviors: findings from the abcd study\u2019s baseline neurocognitive battery","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.005","article-title":"Biospecimens and the abcd study: rationale, methods of collection, measurement and early data","volume":"32","author":"Uban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0085","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in r","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the e-value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1214\/12-AOS1058","article-title":"On the definition of a confounder","volume":"41","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.002","article-title":"The conception of the abcd study: from substance use to a broad nih collaboration","volume":"32","author":"Volkow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.06.016","article-title":"Statistical and methodological considerations for the interpretation of intranasal oxytocin studies","volume":"79","author":"Walum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserstein, R.L. & Lazar, N.A. The asa statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose. (2016).","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1154108"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.051","article-title":"Common disease is more complex than implied by the core gene omnigenic model","volume":"173","author":"Wray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.004","article-title":"Assessment of culture and environment in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: rationale, description of measures, and early data","volume":"32","author":"Zucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000191","article-title":"Journal article reporting standards for quantitative research in psychology: the apa publications and communications board task force report","volume":"73","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-010-9200-6","article-title":"OpenMx: an open source extended structural equation modeling framework","volume":"76","author":"Boker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12348","article-title":"Making sense of sensitivity: extending omitted variable bias","volume":"82","author":"Cinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc.: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0030","first-page":"507","article-title":"Frequency distribution of the values of the correlation coefficient in samples from an indefinitely large population","volume":"10","author":"Fisher","year":"1915","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S155103","article-title":"Does the medical literature remain inadequately described despite having reporting guidelines for 21 years?\u2013a systematic review of reviews: an update","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0067","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extreme groups designs","author":"Preacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Encycl. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.10.2.178","article-title":"Use of the extreme groups approach: a critical reexamination and new recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Preacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0079","article-title":"NIH toolbox","author":"Slotkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technical Manual.[Google Scholar]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245917747646","article-title":"Many analysts, one data set: making transparent how variations in analytic choices affect results","volume":"1","author":"Silberzahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci."}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811921005395?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811921005395?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T15:51:42Z","timestamp":1762357902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053811921005395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S1053811921005395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.09.01.276451","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Meaningful associations in the adolescent brain cognitive development study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118262","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118262"}}