{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:09:11Z","timestamp":1774019351212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Ministry of Education University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022720","name":"Fondazione Regionale per la Ricerca Biomedica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Regione Lombardia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA 779282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 779282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Regione Lombardia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERAPERMED2019-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERAPERMED2019-101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2022-SYG - 101071900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2022-SYG - 101071900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T01:05:14Z","timestamp":1770253514000},"page":"121783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Unveiling clouded consciousness: Broad-band EEG slowing tracks recovery from post-traumatic confusional state"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"328","author":[{"given":"Michele Angelo","family":"Colombo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara-Camilla","family":"Derchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4487-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Atzori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Litterio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Arcuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4420-5086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Valota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Chieregato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Massimini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Comanducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1989.tb03040.x","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading","volume":"15","author":"Adams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00800","article-title":"Two coarse spatial patterns of altered brain microstructure predict post-traumatic amnesia in the subacute stage of severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Andreasen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.07.003","article-title":"White matter damage and degeneration in traumatic brain injury","volume":"47","author":"Armstrong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.005","article-title":"Hippocampal volume and cortical sources of EEG alpha rhythms in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease","volume":"44","author":"Babiloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07364-4","article-title":"Neurophysiological signatures of mild traumatic brain injury in the acute and subacute phase","volume":"45","author":"Barone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. sci.: off. j. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0153","article-title":"Global white matter analysis of diffusion tensor images is predictive of injury severity in traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Benson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2024.102589","article-title":"Fundamentals of sleep regulation: Model and benchmark values for fractal and oscillatory neurodynamics","volume":"234","author":"B\u00f3dizs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81230-7","article-title":"A set of composite, non-redundant EEG measures of NREM sleep based on the power law scaling of the Fourier spectrum","volume":"11","author":"B\u00f3dizs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45922-8","article-title":"A neurophysiological basis for aperiodic EEG and the background spectral trend","volume":"15","author":"Brake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.03.012","article-title":"Prospective longitudinal MRI study of brain volumes and diffusion changes during the first year after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Brezova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-11-04007.1988","article-title":"Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat","volume":"8","author":"Buzsaki","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. neurosci.: off. j. Soc. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24779","article-title":"Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity","volume":"80","author":"Casarotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.09.031","article-title":"Evaluation of putative signatures of consciousness using specific definitions of responsiveness, connectedness, and consciousness","volume":"132","author":"Casey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003887","article-title":"Spectral signatures of reorganised brain networks in disorders of consciousness","volume":"10","author":"Chennu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86439-0","article-title":"Relationship between post-traumatic amnesia and white matter integrity in traumatic brain injury using tract-based spatial statistics","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0017","first-page":"7193","article-title":"Beyond alpha power: EEG spatial and spectral gradients robustly stratify disorders of consciousness","volume":"33","author":"Colombo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. cortex (N. Y. N.Y.: 1991)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003060","article-title":"Hemispherotomy leads to persistent sleep-like slow waves in the isolated cortex of awake humans","volume":"23","author":"Colombo","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.024","article-title":"The spectral exponent of the resting EEG indexes the presence of consciousness during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon, and ketamine","volume":"189","author":"Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0020","article-title":"EEG correlates of confusional state after traumatic brain injury","author":"Comanducci","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.07.015","article-title":"Clinical and advanced neurophysiology in the prognostic and diagnostic evaluation of disorders of consciousness: review of an IFCN-endorsed expert group","volume":"131","author":"Comanducci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. neurophysiol.: off. j. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curley, W. H., Bodien, Y. G., Zhou, D. W., Conte, M. M., Foulkes, A. S., Giacino, J. T., Victor, J. D., Schiff, N. D., & Edlow, B. L. (2022). Electrophysiological correlates of thalamocortical function in acute severe traumatic brain injury. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 152, 136\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.04.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.04.007"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww241","article-title":"Disconnection between the default mode network and medial temporal lobes in post-traumatic amnesia","volume":"139","author":"De Simoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain: j. neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x","article-title":"Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic and aperiodic components","volume":"23","author":"Donoghue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat, Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90187-9","article-title":"Short- and long-term prognostic value of telectroencephalogram in children with severe head injury","volume":"73","author":"Dusser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx176","article-title":"Early detection of consciousness in patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"140","author":"Edlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain: j. neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00428-x","article-title":"Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms, prognosis and emerging therapies","volume":"17","author":"Edlow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120264","article-title":"The maturation of aperiodic EEG activity across development reveals a progressive differentiation of wakefulness from sleep","volume":"277","author":"Favaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5307-8.00005-3","article-title":"The value of spontaneous EEG oscillations in distinguishing patients in vegetative and minimally conscious states","volume":"62","author":"Fingelkurts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Suppl. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\"Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.385","article-title":"Dynamic regimes of neocortical activity linked to corticothalamic integrity correlate with outcomes in acute anoxic brain injury after cardiac arrest","volume":"4","author":"Forgacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0032","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Neural oscillations track recovery of consciousness in acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"43","author":"Frohlich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27202-x","article-title":"A model for estimating the brainstem volume in normal healthy individuals and its application to diffuse axonal injury patients","volume":"13","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.078","article-title":"Inferring synaptic excitation\/inhibition balance from field potentials","volume":"158","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120611","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate","volume":"12","author":"Gennarelli","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann, Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.279","article-title":"Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science","volume":"10","author":"Giacino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.4.326","article-title":"Brain lesions that produce delta waves in the EEG","volume":"27","author":"Gloor","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.011","article-title":"Disorders of Consciousness: Classification and Taxonomy","volume":"35","author":"Golden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0672","article-title":"Integrated imaging approach with MEG and DTI to detect mild traumatic brain injury in military and civilian patients","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-010002","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: An EEG point of view","volume":"11","author":"Ianof","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement, neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23033-y","article-title":"Overnight dynamics in scale-free and oscillatory spectral parameters of NREM sleep EEG","volume":"12","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.013","article-title":"Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury","volume":"246","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp, Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq347","article-title":"White matter damage and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury","volume":"134","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain\u202f: J. Neuro."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0043","first-page":"165","volume":"46","author":"Koufen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. Grenzgeb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.02.022","article-title":"EEG spectral exponent as a synthetic index for the longitudinal assessment of stroke recovery","volume":"137","author":"Lanzone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiol.\u202f: Official J. Int. Federat. Clinical Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6982-3","article-title":"CRS-R score in disorders of consciousness is strongly related to spectral EEG at rest","volume":"260","author":"Lechinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa380","article-title":"Abnormal dorsal attention network activation in memory impairment after traumatic brain injury","volume":"144","author":"Mallas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain: j. neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120154","article-title":"Aperiodic brain activity and response to anesthesia vary in disorders of consciousness","volume":"275","author":"Maschke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0047","article-title":"Criticality of resting-state EEG predicts perturbational complexity and level of consciousness during anesthesia","author":"Maschke","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv: prepr. serv. biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51586-1","article-title":"Sleep-like cortical dynamics during wakefulness and their network effects following brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Massimini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000479","article-title":"Traumatic Microbleeds in the Hippocampus and Corpus Callosum Predict Duration of Posttraumatic Amnesia","volume":"34","author":"Mazwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Head. Trauma Rehabil."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2016.06.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"27","author":"McGinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg, Clin, N. Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24393","article-title":"Changes in EEG multiscale entropy and power-law frequency scaling during the human sleep cycle","volume":"40","author":"Miskovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.6.JNS20112","article-title":"Traumatic axonal injury on clinical MRI: association with the Glasgow Coma Scale score at scene of injury or at admission and prolonged posttraumatic amnesia","volume":"135","author":"Moe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.05.008","article-title":"Routine and quantitative EEG in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"116","author":"Nuwer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. neurophysiol.: off. j. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.08.007","article-title":"How critical is brain criticality?","volume":"45","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.608","article-title":"White matter integrity of the medial forebrain bundle and attention and working memory deficits following traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Owens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0057","first-page":"1","article-title":"The diagnosis of stupor and coma","volume":"10","author":"Plum","year":"1972","journal-title":"Contemp. Neurol. Ser."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459208999796","article-title":"The brain in fractal time: 1\/f-like power spectrum scaling of the human electroencephalogram","volume":"66","author":"Pritchard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int, J. Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.96784","article-title":"Fractal cycles of sleep, a new aperiodic activity-based definition of sleep cycles","volume":"13","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.009","article-title":"Autonomic and neural correlates of dysregulated arousal in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"89","author":"Rushby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. j. psychophysiol.: off. j. Int. Organ. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0061","series-title":"Brain Function and Responsiveness in Disorders of Consciousness","first-page":"195","article-title":"Mesocircuit mechanisms underlying recovery of consciousness following severe brain injuries: model and predictions","author":"Schiff","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.11.002","article-title":"Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a mesocircuit hypothesis","volume":"33","author":"Schiff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4911","article-title":"Focal Electroencephalographic Changes Index Post-Traumatic Confusion and Outcome","volume":"34","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00338-3","article-title":"Dimensional complexity and spectral properties of the human sleep EEG","volume":"114","author":"Shen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electroencephalograms, Clin. neurophysiol.: off. j. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.06.021","article-title":"Post-traumatic Confusional State: A Case Definition and Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"101","author":"Sherer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.09.029","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of acute confusion after traumatic brain injury","volume":"86","author":"Sherer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu141","article-title":"Large scale screening of neural signatures of consciousness in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state","volume":"137","author":"Sitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain: j. neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200307000-00003","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Head. Trauma Rehabil."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1281","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008163","article-title":"Disruption of the ascending arousal network in acute traumatic disorders of consciousness","volume":"93","author":"Snider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"part I","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0070","first-page":"217","article-title":"The electroencephalogram in traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Stockard","year":"1975","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0071","first-page":"201","article-title":"Electroencephalographic patterns in coma: when things slow down","volume":"29","author":"Sutter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epileptologie"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/155005948801900310","article-title":"EEG abnormality grades and subdivisions of prognostic importance in traumatic and anoxic coma in adults","volume":"19","author":"Synek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Electroencephalogr."},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0330","article-title":"Biophysical linkage between MRI and EEG amplitude in closed head injury","volume":"7","author":"Thatcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30031-6","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness","volume":"18","author":"Thibaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa127","article-title":"Brain responsivity provides an individual readout for motor recovery after stroke","volume":"143","author":"Tscherpel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain: J. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600744079","article-title":"Post-traumatic amnesia predicts long-term cerebral atrophy in traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Wilde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200009000-00006","article-title":"The EEG in coma","volume":"17","author":"Young","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. clin. neurophysiol.: Off. publ. Am. Electroencephalogr. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15040377","article-title":"The neural correlates of consciousness: a spectral exponent approach to diagnosing disorders of consciousness","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117579","article-title":"Are intrinsic neural timescales related to sensory processing? Evidence from abnormal behavioral states","volume":"226","author":"Zilio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05109-1","article-title":"Altered brain dynamics index levels of arousal in complete locked-in syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Zilio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926001011?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926001011?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:37:24Z","timestamp":1774013844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053811926001011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S1053811926001011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Unveiling clouded consciousness: Broad-band EEG slowing tracks recovery from post-traumatic confusional state","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121783","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121783"}}