{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:50:25Z","timestamp":1776873025504,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019065","name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JCYBJC00210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JCYBJC00210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019065","name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JCYBJC01430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JCYBJC01430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62476193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62376190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62376190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T07:54:17Z","timestamp":1774338857000},"page":"121879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation facilitates visuomotor association learning: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"331","author":[{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9765-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenghu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huixin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shengcui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhongpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105691","article-title":"Emotion recognition from EEG signal enhancing feature map using partial mutual information","volume":"88","author":"Akhand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121179","article-title":"Enhancing cognitive abilities through transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: findings from prefrontal functional connectivity analysis and virtual brain simulation","volume":"311","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21351","article-title":"Contributions of spatial working memory to visuomotor learning","volume":"22","author":"Anguera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037534","article-title":"The dynamics of sensorimotor cortical oscillations during the observation of hand movements: an EEG study","volume":"7","author":"Avanzini","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043414","article-title":"tVNS in Stroke: a narrative review on the current State and the future","volume":"54","author":"Baig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.050","article-title":"On a basal ganglia role in learning and rehearsing visual\u2013motor associations","author":"B\u00e9dard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54823-1","article-title":"Dynamics of task preparation processes revealed by effect course analysis on response times and error rates","volume":"14","author":"Berger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3523109","article-title":"Abnormal EEG spectral power and coherence measures during pre-motor stage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Bista","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1468538","article-title":"The subjective experience of transcranial electrical stimulation: a within-subject comparison of tolerability and side effects between tDCS, tACS, and otDCS","volume":"18","author":"Bjeki\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2786-9","article-title":"Quickly \u2018learning\u2019 to move optimally","volume":"213","author":"Brenner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.039","article-title":"The when and where of spatial storage in memory-guided saccades","volume":"52","author":"Brignani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12643","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4892-14.2015","article-title":"Characterization of cortical networks and corticocortical functional connectivity mediating arbitrary visuomotor mapping","volume":"35","author":"Brovelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20110","article-title":"Error negativity does not reflect conflict: a reappraisal of conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex activity","volume":"20","author":"Burle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.018","article-title":"The salience network dynamics in perceptual decision-making","volume":"134","author":"Chand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3324085","article-title":"Influence of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on motor planning: a resting-state and task-state EEG study","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3344176","article-title":"Enhancing motor sequence learning via transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS): an EEG study","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous Vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on action planning: a behavioural and EEG study","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.08.015","article-title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation modulates theta response during a go-NoGo task in traumatic brain injury","volume":"143","author":"Chiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2097-17.2017","article-title":"Locus coeruleus activity strengthens prioritized memories under Arousal","volume":"38","author":"Clewett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70031","article-title":"Aging impacts basic auditory and timing processes","volume":"61","author":"Criscuolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2023.108646","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on P300 magnitudes and salivary alpha-amylase during an auditory oddball task","volume":"182","author":"D\u2019Agostini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24793","article-title":"The importance of different learning stages for motor sequence learning after stroke. Hum","volume":"41","author":"Dahms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07309-z","article-title":"Control of working memory by phase\u2013amplitude coupling of human hippocampal neurons","volume":"629","author":"Daume","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05222-w","article-title":"Frequency\u2013amplitude coupling: a new approach for decoding of attended features in covert visual attention task","volume":"33","author":"Davoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14225","article-title":"The P3 indexes the distance between perceived and target image","volume":"60","author":"De La Torre-Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donovan, K.M., Adams, J.D., Park, K.Y., Demarest, P., Tan, G., Willie, J.T., Brunner, P., Gorlewicz, J.L., Leuthardt, E.C., 2024. Vibrotactile auricular vagus nerve stimulation alters limbic system connectivity in humans: a pilot study. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.09.10.612366.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.10.612366"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.06.005","article-title":"Theta-band EEG activity over sensorimotor regions is modulated by expected visual reafferent feedback during reach planning","volume":"385","author":"Dufour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.01.002","article-title":"Toward a proper estimation of phase\u2013amplitude coupling in neural oscillations","volume":"225","author":"Dvorak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.047","article-title":"N170 changes reflect competition between faces and identifiable characters during early visual processing","volume":"110","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.016","article-title":"Early cortical biomarkers of longitudinal transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation treatment success in depression","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20014","article-title":"Enhancement of GABA-related signalling is associated with increase of functional connectivity in human cortex","volume":"22","author":"Fingelkurts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","article-title":"Non-invasive access to the Vagus nerve Central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans","volume":"8","author":"Frangos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.002","article-title":"Successful memory encoding is associated with increased cross-frequency coupling between frontal theta and posterior gamma oscillations in human scalp-recorded EEG","author":"Friese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02624.x","article-title":"Statistical methodology: IV. Analysis of variance, analysis of Co variance, and multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"5","author":"Gaddis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32995-x","article-title":"Dynamics of error-related activity in deterministic learning - an EEG and fMRI study","volume":"8","author":"Gawlowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2017.2777180","article-title":"Using the partial directed coherence to assess functional connectivity in electroencephalography data for brain\u2013Computer interfaces","volume":"10","author":"Gaxiola-Tirado","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070690","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the P300: do stimulation duration and stimulation type matter?","volume":"14","author":"Giraudier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2786-05.2006","article-title":"Cerebral changes during performance of overlearned arbitrary visuomotor associations","volume":"26","author":"Grol","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1096865","article-title":"Immediate effects and duration of a short and single application of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on P300 event related potential","volume":"17","author":"Gurtubay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00955","article-title":"Memory reinforcement and attenuation by activating the Human locus coeruleus via transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0725-0","article-title":"Time-dependent competition between goal-directed and habitual response preparation","volume":"3","author":"Hardwick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.01.007","article-title":"Role of GABAB receptors in learning and memory and neurological disorders","author":"Heaney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00150","article-title":"The speed-accuracy tradeoff: history, physiology, methodology, and behavior","volume":"8","author":"Heitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-024-02864-z","article-title":"Fixation-related potentials during mobile map assisted navigation in the real world: the effect of landmark visualization style","volume":"87","author":"Hilton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61958-8","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhances short-latency afferent inhibition via central cholinergic system activation","author":"Horinouchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.603878","article-title":"Effects of phonological consistency and semantic radical combinability on N170 and P200 in the reading of Chinese phonograms","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00573","article-title":"Quantification of phase-amplitude coupling in neuronal oscillations: comparison of phase-locking value, mean vector length, modulation index, and generalized-linear-modeling-cross-frequency-coupling","volume":"13","author":"H\u00fclsemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.023","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation boosts associative memory in older individuals","volume":"36","author":"Jacobs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-019-00152-5","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on conflict-related behavioral performance and frontal midline theta activity","volume":"4","author":"Keute","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Enhanc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.05.026","article-title":"Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for GABAergic modulation through transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"129","author":"Keute","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13313","article-title":"Effects of noninvasive cervical vagal nerve stimulation on cognitive performance but not brain activation in healthy adults","volume":"25","author":"Klaming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.09.028","article-title":"P200 can be modulated by orthography alone in reading Chinese words","volume":"529","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-010-0018-6","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive performance and electrophysiological indices of performance monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Larson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.06.010","article-title":"Short-term transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation increases pupil size but does not affect EEG alpha power: a replication of Sharon et al. (2021, Journal of Neuroscience)","volume":"16","author":"Lloyd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2416387122","article-title":"Task difficulty modulates the effect of mind wandering on phase dynamics","volume":"122","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy333","article-title":"Neural interactions underlying visuomotor associations in the Human brain","volume":"29","author":"Madhavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-1-13","article-title":"Fast, visual specialization for reading in English revealed by the topography of the N170 ERP response","volume":"1","author":"Maurer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39058-4","article-title":"Parieto-occipital ERP indicators of gut mechanosensation in humans","volume":"14","author":"Mayeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.043","article-title":"I learned from what you did: retrieving visuomotor associations learned by observation","volume":"42","author":"Monfardini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00267.2019","article-title":"Role of the occipito-temporal theta rhythm in hand visual identification","author":"Moreau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154021","article-title":"Changes in P3b latency and amplitude reflect expertise acquisition in a football visuomotor learning task","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147332","article-title":"High intensity VNS disrupts VNS-mediated plasticity in motor cortex","volume":"1756","author":"Morrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01226.x","article-title":"Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus\u2013noradrenergic arousal function in humans","volume":"48","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0096-22.2022","article-title":"Cerebellar GABA change during visuomotor adaptation relates to adaptation performance and cerebellar network connectivity: a magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study","author":"Nettekoven","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00206","article-title":"Effect of short-term transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on brain processing of food cues: an electrophysiological study","volume":"14","author":"Obst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2009.00809.x","article-title":"Phasic brain activity related to the onset of rapid eye movements during rapid eye movement sleep: study of event-related potentials and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography: phasic brain activity and REM sleep","volume":"19","author":"Ogawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.032","article-title":"Lower theta inter-trial phase coherence during performance monitoring is related to higher reaction time variability: a lifespan study","volume":"83","author":"Papenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4358-x","article-title":"Visual-motor association learning in undergraduate students as a function of the autism-spectrum quotient","volume":"233","author":"Parkington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.2.147","article-title":"Characterization of N200 and P300: selected studies of the event-related potential","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017","article-title":"PsychoPy\u2014psychophysics software in python","volume":"162","author":"Peirce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032502","article-title":"Visual feature integration indicated by pHase-locked frontal-parietal EEG signals","volume":"7","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.561780","article-title":"Reduced frontal Nogo-N2 with uncompromised response inhibition during transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation\u2014More efficient cognitive control?","volume":"14","author":"Pihlaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.014","article-title":"Neural oscillations and synchronization differentially support evidence accumulation in perceptual and value-based decision making","volume":"82","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00829-6","article-title":"Optimizing dosing of vagus nerve stimulation for stroke recovery","volume":"12","author":"Pruitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.04.007","article-title":"The ERN is the ERN is the ERN? Convergent validity of error-related brain activity across different tasks","volume":"93","author":"Riesel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/4.1.2","article-title":"Animal and human faces in natural scenes: how specific to human faces is the N170 ERP component?","volume":"4","author":"Rousselet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0080","unstructured":"Rozynski, M.M., Chen, C.-M., 2015. Electrophysiological changes in P200 latency and amplitude of jittered orientation visual integration task in healthy participants: a multi-block design EEG study."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.003","article-title":"Error processing and impulsiveness in normals: evidence from event-related potentials","volume":"24","author":"Ruchsow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00006","article-title":"Comparison of the working memory load in N-back and working memory span tasks by means of EEG frequency band power and P300 amplitude","volume":"11","author":"Scharinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-3-21","article-title":"N170 ERPs could represent a logographic processing strategy in visual word recognition","volume":"3","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.02.013","article-title":"Tonic and phasic transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) both evoke rapid and transient pupil dilation","volume":"17","author":"Skora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2908-03.2004","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of learning in behavioral experiments","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00946.2006","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of interleaved learning and response bias in behavioral experiments","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer, B., Haegens, S., 2017. Beyond the status Quo: a role for beta oscillations in endogenous content (Re)activation. ENeuro 4, ENEURO.0170-17.2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0170-17.2017.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0170-17.2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01974-7","article-title":"Losing the error related negativity in the EEG of human subjects: an indicator for willed action","volume":"308","author":"Stemmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.002","article-title":"Does vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhance working memory? A behavioral and physiological investigation","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.04.002","article-title":"Enhanced contralateral theta oscillations and N170 amplitudes in occipitotemporal scalp regions underlie attentional bias to fearful faces","volume":"165","author":"Torrence","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.017","article-title":"The face-sensitive N170 component in developmental prosopagnosia","volume":"50","author":"Towler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.027","article-title":"Exploring transient transfer entropy based on a group-wise ICA decomposition of EEG data","volume":"49","author":"Vakorin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20423-z","article-title":"The caveats of observing inter-trial phase-coherence in cognitive neuroscience","volume":"8","author":"Van Diepen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16004","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on cortical GABAergic and cholinergic circuits: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"57","author":"Van Midden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121089","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of intersensory switching: evidence for delayed sensory processing and increased cognitive demands","author":"Vanneau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-022-00144-9","article-title":"Speed and accuracy instructions affect two aspects of skill learning differently","volume":"7","author":"V\u00e9kony","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00202","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous Vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and alpha-amylase level: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Ventura-Bort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7636","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2329-20.2021","article-title":"Establishment of emotional memories is mediated by vagal nerve activation: evidence from noninvasive taVNS","volume":"41","author":"Ventura-Bort","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720190","article-title":"The visual N1 component as an index of a discrimination process","volume":"37","author":"Vogel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0100","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the effect of visuomotor learning on functional brain connectivity","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2022.2020095","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulators: a review of past, present, and future devices","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0102","article-title":"Advances in VNS efficiency and mechanisms of action on cognitive functions","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.224","article-title":"The neuromodulatory and hormonal effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation as evidenced by salivary alpha amylase, salivary cortisol, pupil diameter, and the P3 event-related potential","volume":"12","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0104","first-page":"357","article-title":"Modulation of the cortical processing of novel and target stimuli by drugs affecting glutamate and GABA neurotransmission","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Sci. J. Coll. Int. Neuropsychopharmacol. CINP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2975614","article-title":"Implementing over 100 command codes for a high-speed hybrid brain-computer interface using concurrent P300 and SSVEP features","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107194","article-title":"Familiarity with visual forms contributes to a left-lateralized and increased N170 response for Chinese characters","volume":"134","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02537","article-title":"Audio-visual spatiotemporal perceptual training enhances the P300 component in healthy older adults","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728920000759","article-title":"N170 reflects visual familiarity and automatic sublexical phonological access in L2 written word processing","volume":"24","author":"Yum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biling. Lang. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059413503961","article-title":"Phase synchronization and spectral coherence analysis of EEG activity during mental fatigue","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. EEG. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-022-00916-x","article-title":"Visual selective attention P300 source in frontal-parietal lobe: ERP and fMRI study","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926001953?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926001953?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:53:29Z","timestamp":1776869609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053811926001953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["S1053811926001953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation facilitates visuomotor association learning: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121879","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121879"}}