{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:43:19Z","timestamp":1776872599310,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031072","name":"Team Danmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF.22SA0078293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF.22SA0078293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:21:42Z","timestamp":1774398102000},"page":"121884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of four days of lower limb motor skill learning and concurrent tDCS on cortical directed connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"331","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0543-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"August Lomholt","family":"Kvistad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meaghan Elisabeth","family":"Spedden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikkel Malling","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Jespersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas Rud","family":"Bj\u00f8rndal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark Schram","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke Ninija","family":"Karabanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Lundbye-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-012-0475-5","article-title":"Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system","volume":"218","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00515.2006","article-title":"Motor training induces experience-specific patterns of plasticity across motor cortex and spinal cord","volume":"101","author":"Adkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.04.028","article-title":"The resting Human brain and motor learning","volume":"19","author":"Albert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2022.05.002","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement","volume":"7","author":"Antal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3993","article-title":"Learning-induced autonomy of sensorimotor systems","volume":"18","author":"Bassett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.038","article-title":"Canonical microcircuits for predictive coding","volume":"76","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121436","article-title":"Motor skill learning differentially modulates functional connectivity in cortical and corticospinal networks in children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"319","author":"Beck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61018","article-title":"Cortical signatures of precision grip force control in children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68691-2","article-title":"Alignment of behaviour and tDCS stimulation site induces maximum response: evidence from online tDCS and ERP","volume":"14","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"brms: an R package for bayesian multilevel models using Stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-017","article-title":"Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms","volume":"10","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v100.i05","article-title":"Bayesian item response modeling in R with brms and Stan","volume":"100","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0013","series-title":"Rhythms of the Brain","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150444","article-title":"Mechanisms of gamma oscillations","volume":"35","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01","article-title":"Stan: a probabilistic programming language","volume":"76","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay2739","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay2739","article-title":"The physiological effects of noninvasive brain stimulation fundamentally differ across the human cortex","volume":"6","author":"Castrillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.02.025","article-title":"A practical guide to the selection of independent components of the electroencephalogram for artifact correction","volume":"250","author":"Chaumon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl101","article-title":"Watching your foot move\u2014An fMRI study of visuomotor interactions during foot movement","volume":"17","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72139-8","article-title":"Long-term motor skill training with individually adjusted progressive difficulty enhances learning and promotes corticospinal plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Christiansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.11.005","article-title":"Progressive practice promotes motor learning and repeated transient increases in corticospinal excitability across multiple days","volume":"11","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2840","article-title":"Preventing interference between different memory tasks","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp021104","article-title":"Synchronization between motor cortex and spinal motoneuronal pool during the performance of a maintained motor task in man","volume":"489","author":"Conway","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.048","article-title":"Dynamics of motor-related functional integration during motor sequence learning","volume":"49","author":"Coynel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.029","article-title":"Acute cardiovascular exercise promotes functional changes in cortico-motor networks during the early stages of motor memory consolidation","volume":"174","author":"Dal Maso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.008","article-title":"Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning","volume":"72","author":"Dayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3765-13.2014","article-title":"Effective connectivity reveals right-hemisphere dominance in audiospatial perception: implications for models of spatial neglect","volume":"34","author":"Dietz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.008","article-title":"Ankle dorsiflexion as an fMRI paradigm to assay motor control for walking during rehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Dobkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0029","first-page":"61","article-title":"Contributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learning","volume":"199","author":"Doyon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res. Special Issue on the Role of the Basal Ganglia in Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01092.2003","article-title":"Changing brain networks for visuomotor control with increased movement automaticity","volume":"92","author":"Floyer-Lea","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00717.2004","article-title":"Distinguishable brain activation networks for short- and long-term motor skill learning","volume":"94","author":"Floyer-Lea","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.017","article-title":"fMRI analysis of active, passive and electrically stimulated ankle dorsiflexion","volume":"44","author":"Francis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.034","article-title":"Rhythms for cognition: communication through coherence","volume":"88","author":"Fries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00202-7","article-title":"Dynamic causal modelling","volume":"19","author":"Friston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.015","article-title":"Bayesian model reduction and empirical Bayes for group (DCM) studies","volume":"128","author":"Friston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.035","article-title":"Variational free energy and the Laplace approximation","volume":"34","author":"Friston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035","article-title":"Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: potential implications for motor learning","volume":"66","author":"Fritsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00707.2012","article-title":"Central common drive to antagonistic ankle muscles in relation to short-term cocontraction training in nondancers and professional ballet dancers","volume":"115","author":"Geertsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.007","article-title":"Learning-related fMRI activation associated with a rotational visuo-motor transformation","volume":"22","author":"Graydon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognit. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108463","article-title":"Motor learning and tDCS: a systematic review on the dependency of the stimulation effect on motor task characteristics or tDCS assembly specifications","volume":"179","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635215300127","article-title":"Nonparametric directionality measures for time series and point process data","volume":"14","author":"Halliday","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1152-3","article-title":"Coupling of antagonistic ankle muscles during co-contraction in humans","volume":"146","author":"Hansen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.020","article-title":"A quantitative meta-analysis and review of motor learning in the human brain","volume":"67","author":"Hardwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.11.005","article-title":"The effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on motor sequence learning in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Hashemirad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.067","article-title":"Motor learning-induced changes in functional brain connectivity as revealed by means of graph-theoretical network analysis","volume":"61","author":"Heitger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3300-07.2008","article-title":"Systems neuroplasticity in the aging brain: recruiting additional neural resources for successful motor performance in elderly persons","volume":"28","author":"Heuninckx","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00307-0","article-title":"Central mechanisms of motor skill learning","volume":"12","author":"Hikosaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00199471","article-title":"Electroencephalogram and visual evoked potential generation in a mathematical model of coupled cortical columns","volume":"73","author":"Jansen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01408.2004","article-title":"Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system","volume":"99","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00213","article-title":"Can transcranial electrical stimulation localize brain function?","volume":"10","author":"Karabanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000342","article-title":"Transcranial brain stimulation: closing the loop between brain and stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Karabanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"430","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","article-title":"Bayes Factors","volume":"90","author":"Kass","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2000.4004","article-title":"Motor learning-dependent synaptogenesis is localized to functionally reorganized Motor cortex","volume":"77","author":"Kleim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.3321","article-title":"Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning","volume":"80","author":"Kleim","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1867","article-title":"Gamma rhythms and beta rhythms have different synchronization properties","volume":"97","author":"Kopell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019676108","article-title":"Neuronal assembly dynamics in the beta1 frequency range permits short-term memory","volume":"108","author":"Kopell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.014","article-title":"Direct current stimulation boosts Hebbian plasticity in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Kronberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918771304","article-title":"Rejecting or accepting parameter values in Bayesian estimation","volume":"1","author":"Kruschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvistad, A.L., Jespersen, L., Bjoerndal, J.R., Christiansen, L., Karabanov, A.N., & Lundbye-Jensen, J. (2026). Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances long-term retention after 5 days of lower-limb motor skill learning (p. 2026.02.11.705269). bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.11.705269.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.11.705269"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.08.014","article-title":"Direct current stimulation alters neuronal input\/output function","volume":"10","author":"Lafon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.08.014","article-title":"Direct current stimulation alters neuronal input\/output function","volume":"10","author":"Lafon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11808","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2253-11.2011","article-title":"One week of motor adaptation induces structural changes in primary motor cortex that predict long-term memory One year later","volume":"31","author":"Landi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12684","article-title":"Changes in corticospinal drive to spinal motoneurones following tablet-based practice of manual dexterity","volume":"4","author":"Larsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117363","article-title":"Beneficial effects of cerebellar tDCS on motor learning are associated with altered putamen-cerebellar connectivity: a simultaneous tDCS-fMRI study","volume":"223","author":"Liebrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117363","article-title":"Beneficial effects of cerebellar tDCS on motor learning are associated with altered putamen-cerebellar connectivity: a simultaneous tDCS-fMRI study","volume":"223","author":"Liebrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0066","article-title":"EEG and MEG data analysis in SPM8","volume":"2011","author":"Litvak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.001","article-title":"Motor skill acquisition across short and long time scales: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging data","volume":"59","author":"Lohse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.017","article-title":"EEG and MEG: relevance to neuroscience","volume":"80","author":"Lopes da Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.009","article-title":"Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"117","author":"Miranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00057","article-title":"Neural masses and fields in dynamic causal modeling","volume":"7","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.048","article-title":"Dynamic causal models of steady-state responses","volume":"44","author":"Moran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0581-1","article-title":"Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes","volume":"16","author":"Morya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/382043.382304","article-title":"Estimation of parameters and eigenmodes of multivariate autoregressive models","volume":"27","author":"Neumaier","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2015-23.2025","article-title":"Dissociable causal roles of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex over the course of motor skill development","volume":"45","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, A.L., Gad, M.I., Jespersen, L., Bj\u00f8rndal, J.R., Beck, M.M., Christiansen, L., Karabanov, A.N., & Lundbye-Jensen, J. (2025). Effects of concurrent transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation on human motor skill learning: a systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis (p. 2025.11.19.25340588). medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.11.19.25340588.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.19.25340588"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00061.2024","article-title":"Increased functional and directed corticomuscular connectivity after dynamic motor practice but not isometric motor practice","volume":"133","author":"Nielsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662994","article-title":"Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the Human","volume":"15","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1019729","article-title":"Dynamic motor practice improves movement accuracy, force control and leads to increased corticospinal excitability compared to isometric motor practice","volume":"16","author":"Norup","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.055","article-title":"The multifaceted nature of the relationship between performance and brain activity in motor sequence learning","volume":"49","author":"Orban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.01.040","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy associated with the expression of distinct movement kinematics in motor sequence learning","volume":"179","author":"Orban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6158","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0082","article-title":"Structural and functional brain networks: from connections to cognition","volume":"342","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.3.1037","article-title":"Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills","volume":"74","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.105361","article-title":"Changes in corticospinal drive to spinal motoneurones following visuo-motor skill learning in humans: corticomuscular coherence and visuo-motor skill learning","volume":"573","author":"Perez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1947-5","article-title":"Motor skill training induces changes in the excitability of the leg cortical area in healthy humans","volume":"159","author":"Perez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.599bb.x","article-title":"The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the soleus H reflex during human walking","volume":"513","author":"Petersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.853","article-title":"The effects of practice on the functional anatomy of task performance","volume":"95","author":"Petersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.227397","article-title":"The motor cortex drives the muscles during walking in human subjects","volume":"590","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1999.3934","article-title":"Effects of repetitive motor training on movement representations in adult squirrel monkeys: role of use versus learning","volume":"74","author":"Plautz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21104","article-title":"Modulating functional connectivity patterns and topological functional organization of the human brain with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21380","article-title":"Modulating cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.05.048","article-title":"Handedness and effective connectivity of the motor system","volume":"99","author":"Pool","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273005","article-title":"Direct current stimulation boosts synaptic gain and cooperativity in vitro","volume":"595","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.247171","article-title":"Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: somatic and synaptic terminal effects","volume":"591","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15067","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2059-10.2010","article-title":"Low-intensity electrical stimulation affects network dynamics by modulating population rate and spike timing","volume":"30","author":"Reato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.065","article-title":"Bayesian model selection for group studies\u2014revisited","volume":"84","author":"Rigoux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.7.628","article-title":"The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during sequence learning is specific for spatial information","volume":"11","author":"Robertson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.03.001.2008","article-title":"Period concatenation underlies interactions between gamma and beta rhythms in neocortex","volume":"2","author":"Roopun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-10-j0002.1999","article-title":"Presupplementary motor area activation during sequence learning reflects visuo-motor association","volume":"19","author":"Sakai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.11.032","article-title":"Changes in functional connectivity and GABA levels with long-term motor learning","volume":"106","author":"Sampaio-Baptista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.067","article-title":"On the importance of electrode parameters for shaping electric field patterns generated by tDCS","volume":"120","author":"Saturnino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0103","series-title":"Brain and Human Body Modeling: Computational Human Modeling at EMBC 2018","first-page":"3","article-title":"SimNIBS 2.1: a comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0104","first-page":"191","article-title":"Modulating neuronal excitability in the motor cortex with tDCS shows moderate hemispheric asymmetry due to subjects\u2019 handedness: a pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Schade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0105","series-title":"Transfer of Learning","first-page":"47","article-title":"CHAPTER 3\u2014Transfer of movement control in motor skill learning","author":"Schmidt","year":"1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16194","article-title":"Relationship between skill training and skill transfer through the example of bimanual motor learning","volume":"59","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2412","article-title":"Training induces changes in white-matter architecture","volume":"12","author":"Scholz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117311","article-title":"Network-level mechanisms underlying effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on visuomotor learning","volume":"223","author":"Sehatpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.09.004","article-title":"Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor cortex","volume":"36","author":"Shipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02565-5","article-title":"Closing the loop between brain and electrical stimulation: towards precision neuromodulation treatments","volume":"13","author":"Soleimani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116982","article-title":"Directed connectivity between primary and premotor areas underlying ankle force control in young and older adults","volume":"218","author":"Spedden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0112","first-page":"bhac066","article-title":"Dynamics of cortical and corticomuscular connectivity during planning and execution of visually guided steps in humans","author":"Spedden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3432649","article-title":"Oscillatory corticospinal activity during static contraction of ankle muscles is reduced in healthy old versus young adults","volume":"2018","author":"Spedden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.025","article-title":"Bayesian model selection for group studies","volume":"46","author":"Stephan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.070","article-title":"Model-free characterization of brain functional networks for motor sequence learning using fMRI","volume":"39","author":"Tam\u00e1s Kincses","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10259","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2144-07.2007","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging tractography-based parcellation of the Human lateral premotor cortex identifies dorsal and ventral subregions with anatomical and functional specializations","volume":"27","author":"Tomassini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189876","article-title":"How to determine leg dominance: the agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults","volume":"12","author":"Van Melick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00252","article-title":"Neural synchrony within the motor system: what have we learned so far?","volume":"6","author":"van Wijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.039","article-title":"Generic dynamic causal modelling: an illustrative application to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"181","author":"van Wijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0120","article-title":"Neural mechanism underlying task-specific enhancement of motor learning by concurrent transcranial direct current stimulation","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00042","article-title":"The neural basis of motor-skill learning","volume":"8","author":"Willingham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199214030-00001","article-title":"Lower extremity injury","volume":"14","author":"Winter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.153445","article-title":"Modifications of the interactions in the motor networks when a movement becomes automatic","volume":"586","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068910","article-title":"BrainNet Viewer: a network visualization tool for Human Brain connectomics","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0125","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation of the primary motor cortex after skill acquisition improves motor memory retention in humans: a double-blinded sham-controlled study","volume":"1","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3976-z","article-title":"Brain areas associated with force steadiness and intensity during isometric ankle dorsiflexion in men and women","volume":"232","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.032","article-title":"A guide to group effective connectivity analysis, part 2: second level analysis with PEB","volume":"200","author":"Zeidman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926002004?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926002004?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:51:16Z","timestamp":1776869476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053811926002004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["S1053811926002004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of four days of lower limb motor skill learning and concurrent tDCS on cortical directed connectivity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121884","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121884"}}