{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T22:10:26Z","timestamp":1772230226386,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Universita e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004462","name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T15:42:01Z","timestamp":1768664521000},"page":"113091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["DemoFace: A Demographic Pixelated Face Biometric Image-Text Embedding Dataset with Fairness Baselines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu","family":"Sufian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1465-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirudha","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7562-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debaditya","family":"Barman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Distante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5636-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8334-6784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhana","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3506283","article-title":"Foundation models defining a new era in vision: a survey and outlook","author":"Awais","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110809","article-title":"Vision-language pre-training via modal interaction","volume":"156","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"issue":"7553","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0004","series-title":"Understanding deep learning","author":"Prince","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0005","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"An image is worth 16x16 words: transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0006","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"10012","article-title":"Swin transformer: hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0007","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"8748","article-title":"Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision","author":"Radford","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0008","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"34892","article-title":"Visual instruction tuning","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0009","unstructured":"L. Beyer, A. Steiner, A.S. Pinto, A. Kolesnikov, X. Wang, D. Salz, M. Neumann, I. Alabdulmohsin, M. Tschannen, E. Bugliarello, et al., PaliGemma: A versatile 3B VLM for transfer,(2024). arXiv: 2407.07726."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0010","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"35","article-title":"Beyond the surface: a comprehensive analysis of implicit bias in vision-Language models","author":"Capitani","year":"2024"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq0305","article-title":"Demographic bias of expert-level vision-language foundation models in medical imaging","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0012","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","first-page":"1548","article-title":"Fairface: face attribute dataset for balanced race, gender, and age for bias measurement and mitigation","author":"Karkkainen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0013","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"74366","article-title":"Rethinking bias mitigation: fairer architectures make for fairer face recognition","volume":"36","author":"Dooley","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0014","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","first-page":"51","article-title":"Agedb: the first manually collected, in-the-wild age database","author":"Moschoglou","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0015","first-page":"8433","article-title":"Meta balanced network for fair face recognition","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00249-2","article-title":"There is an elephant in the room: towards a critique on the use of fairness in biometrics","volume":"3","author":"Valdivia","year":"2023","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0017","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"4977","article-title":"Benchmarking algorithmic bias in face recognition: an experimental approach using synthetic faces and human evaluation","author":"Liang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0018","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","first-page":"786","article-title":"Social biases through the text-to-image generation lens","author":"Naik","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0019","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"3043","article-title":"Dall-eval: probing the reasoning skills and social biases of text-to-image generation models","author":"Cho","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0020","article-title":"Vision-language models for vision tasks: a survey","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0021","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"14593","article-title":"Deep learning on a healthy data diet: finding important examples for fairness","volume":"37","author":"Zayed","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0022","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"19730","article-title":"Blip-2: bootstrapping language-image pre-training with frozen image encoders and large language models","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3626234","article-title":"Responsible AI pattern catalogue: a collection of best practices for AI governance and engineering","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0024","first-page":"1","article-title":"AI Governance: a systematic literature review","author":"Batool","year":"2025","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0025","series-title":"BMVC 2015-Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2015","article-title":"Deep face recognition","author":"Parkhi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3096120","article-title":"Maad-face: a massively annotated attribute dataset for face images","volume":"16","author":"Terh\u00f6rst","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"10492","article-title":"Webface260m: a benchmark unveiling the power of million-scale deep face recognition","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0028","series-title":"Proceedings of the Ieee\/cvf International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"692","article-title":"Racial faces in the wild: reducing racial bias by information maximization adaptation network","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0029","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"5810","article-title":"Age progression\/regression by conditional adversarial autoencoder","author":"Zhang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"9322","article-title":"Mitigating bias in face recognition using skewness-aware reinforcement learning","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0031","series-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference","first-page":"3503","article-title":"Ai-face: a million-scale demographically annotated ai-generated face dataset and fairness benchmark","author":"Lin","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0032","series-title":"2024 IEEE 18Th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sdfd: building a versatile synthetic face image dataset with diverse attributes","author":"Baltsou","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2021.3111823","article-title":"A comprehensive study on face recognition biases beyond demographics","volume":"3","author":"Terh\u00f6rst","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0034","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Face recognition accuracy across demographics: shining a light into the problem","author":"Wu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0035","series-title":"International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"479","article-title":"Fairness index measures to evaluate bias in biometric recognition","author":"Kotwal","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0036","series-title":"International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"431","article-title":"Evaluating proposed fairness models for face recognition algorithms","author":"Howard","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3102862","article-title":"Fairness in biometrics: a figure of merit to assess biometric verification systems","volume":"4","author":"de Freitas Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biometric. Behav. Identity Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.11.007","article-title":"Post-comparison mitigation of demographic bias in face recognition using fair score normalization","volume":"140","author":"Terh\u00f6rst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0039","series-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB2024), IEEE","article-title":"Demographic fairness transformer for bias mitigation in face recognition","author":"Kotwal","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0040","series-title":"2022 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Explaining bias in deep face recognition via image characteristics","author":"Atzori","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1049\/2024\/1808587","article-title":"On the potential of algorithm fusion for demographic bias mitigation in face recognition","volume":"2024","author":"Kolberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Biom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0042","article-title":"Rethinking bias mitigation: fairer architectures make for fairer face recognition","volume":"36","author":"Dooley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0043","series-title":"2022 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards explaining demographic bias through the eyes of face recognition models","author":"Fu","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3015420","article-title":"Sensitivenets: learning agnostic representations with application to face images","volume":"43","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3312612","article-title":"A study on the effect of ageing in facial authentication and the utility of data augmentation to reduce performance bias across age groups","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105047","article-title":"Drop the shortcuts: image augmentation improves fairness and decreases AI detection of race and other demographics from medical images","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.110204","article-title":"Investigating the effectiveness of data augmentation from similarity and diversity: an empirical study","volume":"148","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0048","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"16133","article-title":"Convnext v2: co-designing and scaling convnets with masked autoencoders","author":"Woo","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0049","series-title":"European Conference on Information Retrieval","first-page":"345","article-title":"A probabilistic interpretation of precision, recall and F-score, with implication for evaluation","author":"Goutte","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091_bib0050","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"BERTScore: Evaluating text generation with BERT","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326000543?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326000543?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:43:58Z","timestamp":1772228638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320326000543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0031320326000543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"DemoFace: A Demographic Pixelated Face Biometric Image-Text Embedding Dataset with Fairness Baselines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pattern Recognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113091","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113091"}}