{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:11:12Z","timestamp":1780495872341,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M781468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M781468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62506111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62506111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011347","name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB3309302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB3309302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013804","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:42:51Z","timestamp":1773906171000},"page":"113545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Towards unbiased source-free object detection via vision foundation models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6321-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4037-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0504-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinzhu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0001","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"6956","article-title":"Strong-weak distribution alignment for adaptive object detection","author":"Saito","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0002","series-title":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"972","article-title":"AQT: adversarial query transformers for domain adaptive object detection","author":"Huang","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7339","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2024.3397194","article-title":"STAL3D: unsupervised domain adaptation for 3D object detection via collaborating self-training and adversarial learning","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0004","series-title":"AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"8474","article-title":"A free lunch for unsupervised domain adaptive object detection without source data","volume":"Vol. 35","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0005","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3520","article-title":"Instance relation graph guided source-free domain adaptive object detection","author":"VS","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0006","series-title":"AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"452","article-title":"Adversarial alignment for source free object detection","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Chu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0007","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"14217","article-title":"Task-specific inconsistency alignment for domain adaptive object detection","author":"Zhao","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0008","article-title":"DINOv2: learning robust visual features without supervision","author":"Oquab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0009","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0010","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","volume":"Vol. 28","author":"Ren","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0011","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"2980","article-title":"Focal loss for dense object detection","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0012","first-page":"1922","article-title":"FCOS: a simple and strong anchor-free object detector","volume":"44","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"TPAMI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0013","unstructured":"X. Zhou, D. Wang, P. Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl, Objects as points (2019). arXiv preprint arXiv: 1904.07850."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0014","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: single shot multibox detector","author":"Liu","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0015","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"734","article-title":"CornerNet: detecting objects as paired keypoints","author":"Law","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0016","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","article-title":"End-to-end object detection with transformers","author":"Carion","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0017","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"Vol. 30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102551","article-title":"Coarse to fine-based image\u2013point cloud fusion network for 3D object detection","volume":"112","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102871","article-title":"Multidimensional fusion of frequency and spatial domain information for enhanced camouflaged object detection","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0020","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"Deformable DETR: deformable transformers for end-to-end object detection","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0021","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"DINO: DETR With improved denoising anchor boxes for end-to-end object detection","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0022","first-page":"19702","article-title":"DETRs With hybrid matching","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0023","series-title":"British Machine Vision Conference","article-title":"Align-DETR: enhancing end-to-end object detection with aligned loss","author":"Cai","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0024","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"629","article-title":"MTTrans: Cross-domain object detection with mean teacher transformer","author":"Yu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0025","series-title":"AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"5912","article-title":"Mean teacher DETR with masked feature alignment: a robust domain adaptive detection transformer framework","volume":"Vol. 38","author":"Weng","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0026","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3339","article-title":"Domain adaptive faster R-CNN for object detection in the wild","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"6414","article-title":"Periodically exchange teacher-student for source-free object detection","author":"Liu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0028","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"328","article-title":"Dynamic retraining-updating mean teacher for source-free object detection","author":"Khanh","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0029","article-title":"Mean teachers are better role models: weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning results","volume":"30","author":"Tarvainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0030","series-title":"ACM International Conference on Multimedia","first-page":"5370","article-title":"Exploiting low-confidence pseudo-labels for source-free object detection","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0031","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"337","article-title":"Enhancing source-free domain adaptive object detection with low-confidence pseudo label distillation","author":"Yoon","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0032","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"2067","article-title":"Dual-rate dynamic teacher for source-free domain adaptive object detection","author":"He","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0033","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"4015","article-title":"Segment anything","author":"Kirillov","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-3361","article-title":"Frozen-DETR: enhancing detr with image understanding from frozen foundation models","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0035","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"Vision transformer adapter for dense predictions","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0036","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","article-title":"An image is worth 16x16 words: transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0037","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4692","article-title":"Large self-supervised models bridge the gap in domain adaptive object detection","author":"Lavoie","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0038","series-title":"High-Dimensional Probability: An Introduction with Applications in Data Science","volume":"Vol. 47","author":"Vershynin","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0039","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"6898","article-title":"DETRDistill: a universal knowledge distillation framework for DETR-families","author":"Chang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0040","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"11721","article-title":"MIC: masked image consistency for context-enhanced domain adaptation","author":"Hoyer","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0041","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3213","article-title":"The cityscapes dataset for semantic urban scene understanding","author":"Cordts","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-1072-8","article-title":"Semantic foggy scene understanding with synthetic data","volume":"126","author":"Sakaridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0043","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2636","article-title":"BDD100K: a diverse driving dataset for heterogeneous multitask learning","author":"Yu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0044","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","first-page":"746","article-title":"Driving in the matrix: can virtual worlds replace human-generated annotations for real world tasks?","author":"Johnson-Roberson","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111790","article-title":"Robust object detection in adverse weather with feature decorrelation via independence learning","volume":"169","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110329","article-title":"DSCA: a dual semantic correlation alignment method for domain adaptation object detection","volume":"150","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0047","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"7581","article-title":"Cross-domain adaptive teacher for object detection","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0048","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"23787","article-title":"DA-DETR: domain adaptive detection transformer with information fusion","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0049","series-title":"ACM International Conference on Multimedia","first-page":"1543","article-title":"Improving transferability for domain adaptive detection transformers","author":"Gong","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0050","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"8014","article-title":"Source-free object detection by learning to overlook domain style","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0051","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","article-title":"ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database","author":"Deng","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0052","article-title":"Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0053","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"19039","article-title":"Masked retraining teacher-student framework for domain adaptive object detection","author":"Zhao","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0054","article-title":"Exploring plain vision transformer backbones for object detection","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545_bib0055","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"8748","article-title":"Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision","author":"Radford","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003132032600511X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003132032600511X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:13:24Z","timestamp":1780492404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003132032600511X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S003132032600511X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Towards unbiased source-free object detection via vision foundation models","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pattern Recognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113545","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113545"}}