{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T21:57:17Z","timestamp":1781301437748,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013318","name":"Shanxi Province Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJSX2024C004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJSX2024C004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M781488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M781488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62276151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62276151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62506199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62506199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T20:19:42Z","timestamp":1774815582000},"page":"113623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["LASTracker: A lightweight RGB-E tracking framework with ANN-SNN adaptive switching"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Zikai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanle","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxiao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3008413","article-title":"Event-based vision: a survey","volume":"44","author":"Gallego","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0002","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4660","article-title":"Atom: accurate tracking by overlap maximization","author":"Danelljan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0003","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"6182","article-title":"Learning discriminative model prediction for tracking","author":"Bhat","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0004","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"10448","article-title":"Learning spatio-temporal transformer for visual tracking","author":"Yan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0005","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"13043","article-title":"Object tracking by jointly exploiting frame and event domain","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0006","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"9781","article-title":"Frame-event alignment and fusion network for high frame rate tracking","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0007","unstructured":"A. Dosovitskiy, L. Beyer, A. Kolesnikov, D. Weissenborn, X. Zhai, T. Unterthiner, M. Dehghani, M. Minderer, G. Heigold, S. Gelly, et al., An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale, (2020). arXiv: 2010.11929."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0008","article-title":"Revisiting color-event based tracking: a unified network, dataset, and metric","volume":"172","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0009","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"22045","article-title":"Cross-modal orthogonal high-rank augmentation for RGB-event transformer-trackers","author":"Zhu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0010","unstructured":"X. Wang, J. Huang, S. Wang, C. Tang, B. Jiang, Y. Tian, J. Tang, B. Luo, Long-term frame-event visual tracking: benchmark dataset and baseline, (2024). arXiv: 2403.05839."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0011","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"9516","article-title":"Visual prompt multi-modal tracking","author":"Zhu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0012","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"19156","article-title":"Single-model and any-modality for video object tracking","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65197-x","article-title":"Neuromorphic computing paradigms enhance robustness through spiking neural networks","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0014","first-page":"21056","article-title":"Deep residual learning in spiking neural networks","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111094","article-title":"Improving stability and performance of spiking neural networks through enhancing temporal consistency","volume":"159","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0016","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"310","article-title":"EAS-SNN: end-to-end adaptive sampling and representation for event-based detection with recurrent spiking neural networks","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0017","series-title":"ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Two-stream spiking neural network for event-based action recognition","author":"Lian","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3510627","article-title":"Self-supervised high-order information bottleneck learning of spiking neural network for robust event-based optical flow estimation","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111320","article-title":"An event-based motion scene feature extraction framework","volume":"161","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3533213","article-title":"Spiking neural networks with adaptive membrane time constant for event-based tracking","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0021","article-title":"Multimodal alignment of event and text streams in spiking neural networks for human action recognition","volume":"173","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90344-8","article-title":"Separate visual pathways for perception and action","volume":"15","author":"Goodale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30964-7","article-title":"A framework for the general design and computation of hybrid neural networks","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2024.106493","article-title":"Reliable object tracking by multimodal hybrid feature extraction and transformer-based fusion","volume":"178","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0025","series-title":"ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"1","article-title":"SNNPTrack: spiking neural network based prompt for high-accuracy RGBE tracking","author":"Ji","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Liu, Z. Wang, H. Zheng, Y. Hu, X. Wang, Q. Yang, J. Wu, H. Guo, L. Deng, ISTASTrack: bridging ANN and SNN via ISTA adapter for RGB-event tracking, (2025). arXiv: 2509.09977.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2026.3694138"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0027","unstructured":"D. Li, J. Li, X. Liu, Z. Zhou, X. Fan, Y. Tian, HDI-Former: Hybrid dynamic interaction ANN-SNN transformer for object detection using frames and events, (2024). arXiv: 2411.18658."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9393","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3241201","article-title":"Attention spiking neural networks","volume":"45","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0029","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"13713","article-title":"Coordinate attention for efficient mobile network design","author":"Hou","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0030","series-title":"2016\u202fIEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","first-page":"2511","article-title":"Combined frame-and event-based detection and tracking","author":"Liu","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01209-w","article-title":"EKLT: Asynchronous photometric feature tracking using events and frames","volume":"128","author":"Gehrig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2023.3318601","article-title":"VisEvent: reliable object tracking via collaboration of frame and event flows","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0033","series-title":"2024\u202fIEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-stage fusion for event-based multimodal tracker","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2024.3505672","article-title":"CrossEI: boosting motion-oriented object tracking with an event camera","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2024.106948","article-title":"TENet: targetness entanglement incorporating with multi-scale pooling and mutually-guided fusion for RGB-E object tracking","volume":"183","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"927","article-title":"Bi-directional adapter for multimodal tracking","volume":"38","author":"Cao","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2024.3518305","article-title":"eMoE-Tracker: environmental moe-based transformer for robust event-guided object tracking","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwae066","article-title":"Advancing brain-inspired computing with hybrid neural networks","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0039","series-title":"2024\u202fIEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","first-page":"9026","article-title":"Chasing day and night: towards robust and efficient all-day object detection guided by an event camera","author":"Cao","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/adb070","article-title":"ReSpike: residual frames-based hybrid spiking neural networks for efficient action recognition","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2023.3317976","article-title":"Motion-oriented hybrid spiking neural networks for event-based motion deblurring","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0042","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"366","article-title":"Spike-FlowNet: event-based optical flow estimation with energy-efficient hybrid neural networks","author":"Lee","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0043","series-title":"DAGM German Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"297","article-title":"Hybrid SNN-ANN: energy-efficient classification and object detection for event-based vision","author":"Kugele","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0044","series-title":"2024\u202fIEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","first-page":"2696","article-title":"Best of both worlds: hybrid SNN-ANN architecture for event-based optical flow estimation","author":"Negi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0045","series-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference","first-page":"13970","article-title":"Efficient event-based object detection: a hybrid neural network with spatial and temporal attention","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0046","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"5701","article-title":"A hybrid ANN-SNN architecture for low-power and low-latency visual perception","author":"Aydin","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0047","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"6298","article-title":"High-performance long-term tracking with meta-updater","author":"Dai","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3355393","article-title":"Advancing spiking neural networks toward deep residual learning","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0049","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","first-page":"3","article-title":"CBAM: convolutional block attention module","author":"Woo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00653","article-title":"Toward scalable, efficient, and accurate deep spiking neural networks with backward residual connections, stochastic softmax, and hybridization","volume":"14","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00397-w","article-title":"Accurate and efficient time-domain classification with adaptive spiking recurrent neural networks","volume":"3","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0052","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"2236","article-title":"Spikingformer: a key foundation model for spiking neural networks","volume":"Vol. 40","author":"Zhou","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0053","series-title":"2014\u202fIEEE International Solid-state Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC)","first-page":"10","article-title":"1.1 Computing\u2019s energy problem (and what we can do about it)","author":"Horowitz","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623_bib0054","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","first-page":"1684","article-title":"CED: color event camera dataset","author":"Scheerlinck","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326005881?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326005881?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T21:22:41Z","timestamp":1781299361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320326005881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0031320326005881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"LASTracker: A lightweight RGB-E tracking framework with ANN-SNN adaptive switching","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pattern Recognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113623","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113623"}}