{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:21:48Z","timestamp":1783092108606,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC0416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LpKj20240008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LpKj20240008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012659","name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T23:59:35Z","timestamp":1780012775000},"page":"114082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Semi-supervised nighttime pedestrian tracking via dual teachers and VLM-guided semantic enhancement"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Dingzhong","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5993-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wending","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunrong","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imdad Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b1","series-title":"Mot20: A benchmark for multi object tracking in crowded scenes","author":"Dendorfer","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b2","series-title":"MOT16: A benchmark for multi-object tracking","author":"Milan","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b3","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"659","article-title":"Motr: End-to-end multiple-object tracking with transformer","author":"Zeng","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b4","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bytetrack: Multi-object tracking by associating every detection box","author":"Zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Ye, C. Fu, G. Zheng, D.P. Paudel, G. Chen, Unsupervised domain adaptation for nighttime aerial tracking, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 8896\u20138905.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00869"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Wang, K. Ma, Q. Liu, Y. Zou, Y. Fu, Multi-Object Tracking in the Dark, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2024, pp. 382\u2013392.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00044"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b7","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, T. Wang, X. Zhang, Motrv2: Bootstrapping end-to-end multi-object tracking by pretrained object detectors, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2023, pp. 22056\u201322065."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Cao, J. Pang, X. Weng, R. Khirodkar, K. Kitani, Observation-centric sort: Rethinking sort for robust multi-object tracking, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2023, pp. 9686\u20139696.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00934"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b9","series-title":"Yolox: Exceeding yolo series in 2021","author":"Ge","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Mancusi, A. Panariello, A. Porrello, M. Fabbri, S. Calderara, R. Cucchiara, TrackFlow: Multi-Object Tracking with Normalizing Flows, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2023, pp. 9531\u20139543.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00874"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b11","series-title":"Hypergraph-state collaborative reasoning for multi-object tracking","author":"Song","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-021-01513-4","article-title":"Fairmot: On the fairness of detection and re-identification in multiple object tracking","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b13","unstructured":"X. Zhu, W. Su, L. Lu, B. Li, X. Wang, J. Dai, Deformable detr: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detection, in: International Conference on Learning Representations, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Meinhardt, A. Kirillov, L. Leal-Taixe, C. Feichtenhofer, Trackformer: Multi-object tracking with transformers, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 8844\u20138854.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00864"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b15","series-title":"Motrv3: Release-fetch supervision for end-to-end multi-object tracking","author":"Yu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Gao, J. Qi, L. Wang, Multiple object tracking as id prediction, in: Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, 2025, pp. 27883\u201327893.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.02596"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3726529","article-title":"Beyond visual cues: Synchronously exploring target-centric semantics for vision-language tracking","volume":"21","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Multimed. Comput. Commun. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b18","series-title":"R1-track: Direct application of mllms to visual object tracking via reinforcement learning","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Ge, X. Zhang, J. Cao, X. Zhu, W. Liu, Q. Gao, B. Cao, K. Wang, C. Liu, B. Liu, et al., Gen4track: A tuning-free data augmentation framework via self-correcting diffusion model for vision-language tracking, in: Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2025, pp. 3037\u20133046.","DOI":"10.1145\/3746027.3754956"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Ge, J. Cao, X. Zhu, X. Zhang, C. Liu, K. Wang, B. Liu, Consistencies are all you need for semi-supervised vision-language tracking, in: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2024, pp. 1895\u20131904.","DOI":"10.1145\/3664647.3680657"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16741","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3193086","article-title":"Nighttime pedestrian and vehicle detection based on a fast saliency and multifeature fusion algorithm for infrared images","volume":"23","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Patel, K. Prajapati, A. Sarvaiya, K. Upla, K. Raja, R. Ramachandra, C. Busch, Depthwise convolution for compact object detector in nighttime images, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 379\u2013389.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00053"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110984","article-title":"UniRTL: A universal RGBT and low-light benchmark for object tracking","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3378117","article-title":"Unsupervised nighttime object tracking based on transformer and domain adaptation fusion network","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Bucilu\u01ce, R. Caruana, A. Niculescu-Mizil, Model compression, in: Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2006, pp. 535\u2013541.","DOI":"10.1145\/1150402.1150464"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03486-4","article-title":"Teacher-student collaborative knowledge distillation for image classification","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b27","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","first-page":"2321","article-title":"Illumination adaptive person reid based on teacher-student model and adversarial training","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.07.006","article-title":"RGB-IR cross-modality person ReID based on teacher-student GAN model","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. He, Y. Wang, J. Wu, Y. Wang, H. Li, B. Li, W. Gan, W. Wu, Y. Qiao, Cross domain object detection by target-perceived dual branch distillation, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 9570\u20139580.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00935"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b30","unstructured":"P. Mi, J. Lin, Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, G. Luo, X. Sun, L. Cao, R. Fu, Q. Xu, R. Ji, Active teacher for semi-supervised object detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 14482\u201314491."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Zhao, S. Wei, Q. Chen, D. Li, Y. Yang, Y. Peng, Y. Liu, Masked retraining teacher-student framework for domain adaptive object detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2023, pp. 19039\u201319049.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01745"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/computers8020030","article-title":"A study of image upsampling and downsampling filters","volume":"8","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2389824","article-title":"Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Liu, L. Qi, H. Qin, J. Shi, J. Jia, Path aggregation network for instance segmentation, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018, pp. 8759\u20138768.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00913"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, J. Sun, Deep residual learning for image recognition, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 770\u2013778.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.-Y. Lin, P. Goyal, R. Girshick, K. He, P. Doll\u00e1r, Focal loss for dense object detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2017, pp. 2980\u20132988.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Rezatofighi, N. Tsoi, J. Gwak, A. Sadeghian, I. Reid, S. Savarese, Generalized intersection over union: A metric and a loss for bounding box regression, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2019, pp. 658\u2013666.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00075"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Sun, J. Cao, Y. Jiang, Z. Yuan, S. Bai, K. Kitani, P. Luo, Dancetrack: Multi-object tracking in uniform appearance and diverse motion, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 20993\u201321002.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.02032"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01375-2","article-title":"Hota: A higher order metric for evaluating multi-object tracking","volume":"129","author":"Luiten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/246309","article-title":"Evaluating multiple object tracking performance: the clear mot metrics","volume":"2008","author":"Bernardin","year":"2008","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Image Video Process."}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326010472?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326010472?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:53:34Z","timestamp":1783090414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320326010472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0031320326010472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Semi-supervised nighttime pedestrian tracking via dual teachers and VLM-guided semantic enhancement","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pattern Recognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114082","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114082"}}