{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:17:48Z","timestamp":1783160268492,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024QF044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QF044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025MS9 98"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025MS9 98"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-4-4-zrjj-93-jch"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-4-4-zrjj-93-jch"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T15:24:24Z","timestamp":1780154664000},"page":"114110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Eye-Conscious Augmentation driven Multi-Granularity Regression for 3D gaze estimation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Shuting","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuetao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1679-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.10.024","article-title":"Using mobile eye-tracking to evaluate gaze behavior during a speech in pediatric anxiety disorders","volume":"369","author":"Kitt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.24.10.364","article-title":"Gaze allocation towards contextual information predicts performance in a dynamic emotion perception task","volume":"24","author":"Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.2973473","article-title":"Dgaze: Cnn-based gaze prediction in dynamic scenes","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b4","first-page":"883","article-title":"Real-time human\u2013computer interaction using eye gazes","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3057033","article-title":"Data-driven estimation of driver attention using calibration-free eye gaze and scene features","volume":"69","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103202","article-title":"Eye tracking based detection of mild cognitive impairment: A review","volume":"122","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b7","series-title":"2024 32nd European Signal Processing Conference","first-page":"957","article-title":"Assessing video advertising engagement via nonlinear intersubject correlation analysis of eeg and eye tracking dynamics","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Krafka, A. Khosla, P. Kellnhofer, H. Kannan, S. Bhandarkar, W. Matusik, A. Torralba, Eye tracking for everyone, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 2176\u20132184.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.239"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b9","unstructured":"P. Biswas, et al., Appearance-based gaze estimation using attention and difference mechanism, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2021, pp. 3143\u20133152."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Cheng, S. Huang, F. Wang, C. Qian, F. Lu, A coarse-to-fine adaptive network for appearance-based gaze estimation, in: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, Vol. 34, 2020, pp. 10623\u201310630.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6636"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9604","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239604","article-title":"Freegaze: A framework for 3d gaze estimation using appearance cues from a facial video","volume":"23","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Bao, Y. Liu, H. Wang, F. Lu, Generalizing gaze estimation with rotation consistency, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 4207\u20134216.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00417"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Wang, Q. Ji, Real time eye gaze tracking with 3d deformable eye-face model, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2017, pp. 1003\u20131011.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.114"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b14","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"297","article-title":"A 3d morphable eye region model for gaze estimation","author":"Wood","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2400434","article-title":"Appearance-based gaze estimation with online calibration from mouse operations","volume":"45","author":"Sugano","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.\u2013Mach. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2657880","article-title":"Appearance-based gaze estimation via uncalibrated gaze pattern recovery","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Zhang, Y. Sugano, M. Fritz, A. Bulling, Appearance-based gaze estimation in the wild, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 4511\u20134520.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299081"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Zhang, Y. Sugano, M. Fritz, A. Bulling, It\u2019s written all over your face: Full-face appearance-based gaze estimation, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2017, pp. 51\u201360.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.284"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Cheng, F. Lu, X. Zhang, Appearance-based gaze estimation via evaluation-guided asymmetric regression, in: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, 2018, pp. 100\u2013115.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01264-9_7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2982828","article-title":"Gaze estimation by exploring two-eye asymmetry","volume":"29","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b21","series-title":"2023 8th International Conference on Frontiers of Signal Processing","first-page":"98","article-title":"L2cs-net: Fine-grained gaze estimation in unconstrained environments","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.110760","article-title":"Cascaded learning with transformer for simultaneous eye landmark, eye state and gaze estimation","volume":"156","author":"Gou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Nagpure, K. Okuma, Searching efficient neural architecture with multi-resolution fusion transformer for appearance-based gaze estimation, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, 2023, pp. 890\u2013899.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV56688.2023.00095"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b24","series-title":"2022 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3341","article-title":"Gaze estimation using transformer","author":"Cheng","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b25","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Wood, T. Baltru\u0161aitis, L.-P. Morency, P. Robinson, A. Bulling, Learning an appearance-based gaze estimator from one million synthesised images, in: Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, 2016, pp. 131\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2857492"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Yu, G. Liu, J.-M. Odobez, Improving few-shot user-specific gaze adaptation via gaze redirection synthesis, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2019, pp. 11937\u201311946.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01221"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b28","series-title":"Gazegan-unpaired adversarial image generation for gaze estimation","author":"Sela","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b29","first-page":"6840","article-title":"Denoising diffusion probabilistic models","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b30","first-page":"8780","article-title":"Diffusion models beat gans on image synthesis","volume":"34","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b31","series-title":"Diffgaze: A diffusion model for continuous gaze sequence generation on 360\u00b0images","author":"Jiao","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.E. Eshratifar, J.V. Soares, K. Thadani, S. Mishra, M. Kuznetsov, Y.-N. Ku, P. De Juan, Salient object-aware background generation using text-guided diffusion models, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2024, pp. 7489\u20137499.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW63382.2024.00744"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b33","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"19730","article-title":"Blip-2: Bootstrapping language-image pre-training with frozen image encoders and large language models","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.A. Funes Mora, F. Monay, J.-M. Odobez, Eyediap: A database for the development and evaluation of gaze estimation algorithms from rgb and rgb-d cameras, in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, 2014, pp. 255\u2013258.","DOI":"10.1145\/2578153.2578190"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Kellnhofer, A. Recasens, S. Stent, W. Matusik, A. Torralba, Gaze360: Physically unconstrained gaze estimation in the wild, in: 2019 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV, 2019, pp. 6911\u20136920.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00701"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, J. Sun, Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2015, pp. 1026\u20131034.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.123"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122363","article-title":"Eg-net: Appearance-based eye gaze estimation using an efficient gaze network with attention mechanism","volume":"238","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Fischer, H.J. Chang, Y. Demiris, Rt-gene: Real-time eye gaze estimation in natural environments, in: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, 2018, pp. 334\u2013352.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01249-6_21"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b39","series-title":"Asian Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"309","article-title":"Appearance-based gaze estimation using dilated-convolutions","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS231116020X","article-title":"Cta-net: A gaze estimation network based on dual feature aggregation and attention cross fusion","volume":"21","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b41","series-title":"2023 9th International Conference on Virtual Reality","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hg-net: Hybrid coarse-fine-grained gaze estimation in unconstrained environments","author":"Hu","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13020328","article-title":"Gaze-swin: Enhancing gaze estimation with a hybrid cnn-transformer network and dropkey mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b43","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","first-page":"2320","article-title":"Agent-guided gaze estimation network by two-eye asymmetry exploration","author":"Shi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111536","article-title":"Adgaze: Anisotropic Gaussian label distribution learning for fine-grained gaze estimation","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326010757?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326010757?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:44:49Z","timestamp":1783158289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320326010757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0031320326010757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Eye-Conscious Augmentation driven Multi-Granularity Regression for 3D gaze estimation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pattern Recognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114110","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114110"}}