{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:25:48Z","timestamp":1787664348809,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013804","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:36:40Z","timestamp":1783697800000},"page":"114437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PD","title":["From spectrum to prototype: Full-scale aggregated perception network for infrared small target detection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4211-5662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duanyang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3199107","article-title":"Dense nested attention network for infrared small target detection","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b2","first-page":"1","article-title":"SCTransNet: Spatial-channel cross transformer network for infrared small target detection","volume":"62","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b3","first-page":"643","article-title":"Algorithms for optical weak small targets detection and tracking","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Zhang","year":"2003"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.12.023","article-title":"Analysis of new top-hat transformation and the application for infrared dim small target detection","volume":"43","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2020.107729","article-title":"Infrared small target detection via adaptive M-estimator ring top-hat transformation","volume":"112","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2242477","article-title":"A local contrast method for small infrared target detection","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3044958","article-title":"Attentional local contrast networks for infrared small target detection","volume":"59","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2942384","article-title":"Infrared small target detection via low-rank tensor completion with top-hat regularization","volume":"58","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Single-frame infrared small target detection by high local variance, low-rank and sparse decomposition","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Dai, Y. Wu, F. Zhou, K. Barnard, Asymmetric contextual modulation for infrared small target detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, 2021, pp. 950\u2013959.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00099"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3228497","article-title":"UIU-net: U-net in U-net for infrared small object detection","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b12","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISGLNet: Infrared small target detection with intrinsic sensitivity and guided learning","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b13","article-title":"Hdnet: A hybrid domain network with multi-scale high-frequency information enhancement for infrared small target detection","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b14","first-page":"1","article-title":"FDDBA-NET: Frequency domain decoupling bidirectional interactive attention network for infrared small target detection","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Wang, L. Zhou, L. Wang, Miss detection vs. false alarm: Adversarial learning for small object segmentation in infrared images, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2019, pp. 8509\u20138518.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00860"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b16","first-page":"1","article-title":"DMFNet: Dual-encoder multistage feature fusion network for infrared small target detection","volume":"62","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2025.3638739","article-title":"FDPF-net: A full-scale dynamic pyramid fusion network for infrared small target detection","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111706","article-title":"Visual attention-guided multi-perspective learning and location-aware network for infrared small target detection","volume":"167","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b19","article-title":"CRPE-net: Infrared small target detection transformer with cross-layer relative-position embedding","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b20","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"233","article-title":"IRSAM: Advancing segment anything model for infrared small target detection","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b21","first-page":"7224","article-title":"IRPruneDet: Efficient infrared small target detection via wavelet structure-regularized soft channel pruning","volume":"vol. 38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q. Liu, R. Liu, B. Zheng, H. Wang, Y. Fu, Infrared small target detection with scale and location sensitivity, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2024, pp. 17490\u201317499.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01656"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Chen, Q. Chu, B. Liu, N. Yu, Fluid Dynamics-Inspired Network for Infrared Small Target Detection., in: IJCAI, 2023, pp. 590\u2013598.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/66"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhong, B. Li, L. Tang, S. Kuang, S. Wu, S. Ding, Detecting camouflaged object in frequency domain, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 4504\u20134513.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00446"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. He, K. Li, Y. Zhang, L. Tang, Y. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Li, Camouflaged object detection with feature decomposition and edge reconstruction, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2023, pp. 22046\u201322055.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.02111"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.112492","article-title":"WFDENet: Wavelet-based frequency decomposition and enhancement network for diabetic retinopathy lesion segmentation","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Li, D. Wang, Z. Hu, W. Zhu, S. Li, Q. Wang, Unleashing channel potential: Space-frequency selection convolution for SAR object detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2024, pp. 17323\u201317332.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01640"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b28","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"233","article-title":"A closer look at memorization in deep networks","author":"Arpit","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.A. Magid, Y. Zhang, D. Wei, W.-D. Jang, Z. Lin, Y. Fu, H. Pfister, Dynamic high-pass filtering and multi-spectral attention for image super-resolution, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2021, pp. 4288\u20134297.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00425"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Qin, P. Zhang, F. Wu, X. Li, Fcanet: Frequency channel attention networks, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2021, pp. 783\u2013792.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00082"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b31","series-title":"ICASSP 2020-2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Unet 3+: A full-scale connected unet for medical image segmentation","author":"Huang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Woo, J. Park, J.-Y. Lee, I.S. Kweon, Cbam: Convolutional block attention module, in: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, 2018, pp. 3\u201319.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01234-2_1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Zhang, R. Zhang, Y. Yang, H. Bai, J. Zhang, J. Guo, ISNet: Shape matters for infrared small target detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022, pp. 877\u2013886.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00095"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b34","article-title":"Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization","volume":"12","author":"Duchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b35","series-title":"International Symposium on Visual Computing","first-page":"234","article-title":"Optimizing intersection-over-union in deep neural networks for image segmentation","author":"Rahman","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b36","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Receptive-field and direction induced attention network for infrared dim small target detection with a large-scale dataset IRDST","volume":"61","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pbt: Progressive background-aware transformer for infrared small target detection","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b39","article-title":"Saliency at the helm: Steering infrared small target detection with learnable kernels","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b40","article-title":"HAFNet: Hierarchical attention fusion network for infrared small target detection","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b41","first-page":"1","article-title":"DsTransNet: Dynamic feature selection network with feature enhancement and multiattention for infrared small target detection","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b42","article-title":"DATransNet: Dynamic attention transformer network for infrared small target detection","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b43","article-title":"MPCNet: Multi-scale perception and cross-attention feature fusion network for infrared small target detection","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2026.02.019","article-title":"SP-KAN: Sparse-sine perception Kolmogorov\u2013arnold networks for infrared small target detection","volume":"234","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2026.3726938","article-title":"PQGNet: Perceptual query guided network for infrared small target detection","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b46","article-title":"Infrared small target detection with frequency guidance and aliasing rectification","author":"Peng","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interior attention-aware network for infrared small target detection","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143412","article-title":"AFFPN: Attention fusion feature pyramid network for small infrared target detection","volume":"14","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4996","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2281420","article-title":"Infrared patch-image model for small target detection in a single image","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326014020?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326014020?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:17:01Z","timestamp":1787663821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320326014020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0031320326014020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From spectrum to prototype: Full-scale aggregated perception network for infrared small target detection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pattern Recognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.114437","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114437"}}