{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:06:40Z","timestamp":1790698000843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:28:06Z","timestamp":1784179686000},"page":"103272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["SCMFFN: A spiking combined few-shot network with multi-feature fusion for automatic modulation classification"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4371-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keqiang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10760","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2868698","article-title":"Automatic modulation classification: a deep learning enabled approach","volume":"67","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0002","series-title":"2017 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC)","first-page":"695","article-title":"Automatic modulation classification using recurrent neural networks","author":"Hong","year":"2017"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8192","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2839735","article-title":"Likelihood-based automatic modulation classification in OFDM with index modulation","volume":"67","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2636324","article-title":"Automatic modulation classification of overlapped sources using multiple cumulants","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3089738","article-title":"Federated learning for automatic modulation classification under class imbalance and varying noise condition","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0006","series-title":"2016 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","first-page":"579","article-title":"Deep neural network-based automatic modulation classification technique","author":"Kim","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2970922","article-title":"CNN-based automatic modulation classification for beyond 5G communications","volume":"24","author":"Hermawan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10085","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3005707","article-title":"Complex-valued networks for automatic modulation classification","volume":"69","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0009","series-title":"2017 51st Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","first-page":"915","article-title":"Deep neural network architectures for modulation classification","author":"Liu","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0010","unstructured":"A. Shahid, A. Kliks, A. Al-Tahmeesschi, A. Elbakary, A. Nikou, A. Maatouk, et al., Large-Scale AI in Telecom: Charting the Roadmap for Innovation, Scalability, and Enhanced Digital Experiences, (2025). 10.48550\/arXiv.2503.04184."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0011","unstructured":"F. Zhu, X. Wang, S. Jiang, X. Li, M. Zhang, Y. Chen, C. Huang, Z. Yang, X. Chen, Z. Zhang, R. Jin, Y. Huang, W. Feng, T. Yang, B. Bai, F. Gao, K. Yang, Y. Liu, S. Muhaidat, C. Yuen, K. Huang, K.-K. Wong, D. Niyato, Y.-C. Liang, M. Debbah, Wireless Large AI Model: Shaping the AI-Empowered Future of 6G and Beyond, (2025). 10.48550\/arXiv.2504.14653."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3034913","article-title":"Automatic modulation recognition: a few-shot learning method based on the capsule network","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3326399","article-title":"Domain generalization in machine learning models for wireless communications: concepts, state-of-the-Art, and open issues","volume":"25","author":"Akrout","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3386252","article-title":"Generalizing from a few examples: a survey on few-shot learning","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"13s","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3582688","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of few-shot learning: evolution, applications, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"55","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2022.3191783","article-title":"MsmcNet: a modular few-shot learning framework for signal modulation classification","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32067","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3423018","article-title":"Few-shot automatic modulation classification using architecture search and knowledge transfer in radar-communication coexistence scenarios","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3135688","article-title":"AMCRN: Few-Shot learning for automatic modulation classification","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12276","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3247162","article-title":"Automatic modulation classification via meta-Learning","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0020","unstructured":"J. Snell, K. Swersky, R.S. Zemel, Prototypical Networks for Few-shot Learning, (2017). arXiv: 1703.05175 [cs.LG]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0021","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Bayesian meta-Learning-Based method for few-Shot hyperspectral image classification","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3141384","article-title":"Few-shot learning for fine-Grained signal modulation recognition based on foreground segmentation","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0023","series-title":"2020 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","first-page":"1372","article-title":"Few-Shot learning of signal modulation recognition based on attention relation network","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10823","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3381082","article-title":"A few-Shot modulation recognition method based on multi-Modal feature fusion","volume":"73","author":"Zha","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0025","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"18661","article-title":"Supervised contrastive learning","volume":"33","author":"Khosla","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0026","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"5998","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0027","article-title":"Radio machine learning dataset generation with GNU radio","volume":"1","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. GNU Radio Conf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2018.2797022","article-title":"Over-the-Air deep learning based radio signal classification","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13387","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3196103","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal hybrid feature extraction network for few-Shot automatic modulation classification","volume":"71","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1109\/TMLCN.2024.3387430","article-title":"STTMC: A few-Shot spatial temporal transductive modulation classifier","volume":"2","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mach. Learn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2024.3470762","article-title":"Multi-scale feature fusion and distribution similarity network for few-Shot automatic modulation classification","volume":"31","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0032","series-title":"2025 IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Flatness improves backbone generalisation in few-Shot classification","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9393","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3241201","article-title":"Attention spiking neural networks","volume":"45","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272_bib0034","series-title":"2014 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC)","first-page":"10","article-title":"1.1 Computing\u2019s energy problem (and what we can do about it)","author":"Horowitz","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Physical Communication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1874490726002818?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1874490726002818?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:35:16Z","timestamp":1790696116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1874490726002818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S1874490726002818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1874-4907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1874-4907","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"SCMFFN: A spiking combined few-shot network with multi-feature fusion for automatic modulation classification","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Communication","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phycom.2026.103272","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103272"}}