{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T08:28:59Z","timestamp":1766305739194,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":263,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T22:13:24Z","timestamp":1762467204000},"page":"1272-1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Generation Z\u2019s Perception of Knowledge and Learning in the Context of Formal and Informal Education"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Fandrejewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Eisenbardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Eisenbardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latchem, Colin. (2018). Open Education Resources and Massive Open Online Courses. In: Open and Distance Non-formal Education in Developing Countries. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-6741-9_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6741-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib2","unstructured":"Trempa\u0142a, Edmund. (2011) Edukacja formalna (szkolna) i edukacja nieformalna (r\u00f3wnoleg\u0142a, nieszkolna, pozaszkolna). Przegl\u0105d Pedagogiczny 1, 95-104."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib3","first-page":"65","article-title":"\u201cLearning approaches, personality and concepts of knowledge of first-year students: Mature-age versus school leaver.\u201d Studies in Learning, Evaluation, Innovation and Development","volume":"6","author":"Burton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Teaching and Learning Centre papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phong, Le Thai, Thu Thuy, Nguyen, Thi Hanh, Nguyen and Dau Bao Ngoc (2021). \u201cDoes Demographics Matter in Lifelong Learning? A Research Context of Vietnam.\u201d Innovare Journal of Social Sciences 9(5), 2021.","DOI":"10.22159\/ijss.2021.v9i5.42880"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib5","unstructured":"The Jobs Reset Summit. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2020\/10\/top-10-work-skills-of-tomorrow-how-long-it-takes-to-learn-them\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib6","unstructured":"Tran, D. (2021). OECD Skills Outlook 2021: why lifelong learning is essential for modern society. Retrieved from https:\/\/digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu\/en\/latest\/news\/oecd-skills-outlook-2021-why-lifelong-learning-essential-modern-society, 3.04.2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolot, Anna. (2018) \u201cThe characteristics of Generation Z\u201d, E-mentor, No. 2(74): 44\u201350. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15219\/em74.1351, access: 24.03.2025.","DOI":"10.15219\/em74.1351"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib8","unstructured":"What is Gen Z? McKinsey & Company, https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/featured-insights\/mckinsey-explainers\/what-is-gen-z"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib9","unstructured":"Aniszewska, Gra\u017cyna. (2015). Zmiany pokoleniowe a decyzje i wybory konsumenckie. Marketing i Rynek, 1, 2\u20137"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bednarska, Marlena, and Aleksandra Grobelna. (2017) \u201cZmiana pokoleniowa na rynku pracy w turystyce.\u201d Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia, 5(4), 104\u2013125.","DOI":"10.18559\/SOEP.2017.4.5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-020-00674-9","article-title":"\u02baEducational experiences with Generation Z.\u02ba","volume":"14","author":"de Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal for Interactive Design and Manufacturing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohnov\u00e1, Lucia, Papula, J\u00e1n, and Salajov\u00e1, Nikola. (2021) \u201cGeneration Z: Education in The World of Digitization for the Future of Organizations\u201d. Proceedings of the 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, INTED2021, IATED. pp. 10199-10208.","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2021.2126"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidorcuka, Irina, and Anna Chesnovicka. (2017) \"Methods of Attraction and Retention of Generation Z Staff.\" CBU International Conference Proceedings, ISE Research Institute, Vol. 5(0): 807-814, September.","DOI":"10.12955\/cbup.v5.1030"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prensky, Mark. (2001) \u201dDigital Natives, Digital Immigrants.\u201d On the Horizon, MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001, https:\/\/www.marcprensky.com\/. access: 24.03.2025.","DOI":"10.1108\/10748120110424816"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenbardt, Monika. (2021) \u201cICT as a tool for gaining and sharing knowledge.\u201d Procedia Computer Science, 192, 2021, Elsevier, 1839-1847.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.08.189"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib16","unstructured":"Ziemba, Ewa. (2016) Towards a sustainable information society: People, business and public administration perspectives. Cambridge Scholars"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenbardt, Tomasz. (2021) \u201cVirtual Learning Environments as a Remedy for Universities Against the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis\u201d. Problemy Zarz\u0105dzania, 19(93), 122-137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7172\/1644-9584.93.6","DOI":"10.7172\/1644-9584.93.6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrychiewicz-S\u0142oci\u0144ska, Anna. (2022) \u201cRemote work and Knowledge Exchange Strategies in the Opinions of Generation Z.\u201d Proceedings of the 23rd European Conference on Knowledge Management, ECKM 2022.","DOI":"10.34190\/eckm.23.1.622"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017barczy\u0144ska-Dobiesz, Agnieszka, and Barbara Chom\u0105towska. (2014). \u201cPokolenie \u201cZ\u201d na rynku pracy\u2013wyzwania dla zarz\u0105dzania zasobami ludzkimi\u201d. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroc\u0142awiu, 350, 405\u2013415. Doi: 10.15611\/pn.2014.350.36","DOI":"10.15611\/pn.2014.350.36"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardey, M. (2011). Generation C: Content, Creation, Connections and Choice. International Journal of Market Research, 53(6), 749\u2013770. Doi: 10.2501\/IJMR-53-6-749-770","DOI":"10.2501\/IJMR-53-6-749-770"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib21","unstructured":"Gianetto, Judy. (2017) Generation Z: Connected. Creative. Driven. The next generation is a force to be reckoned with. Here\u2019s how to tap into its power. Digital Exclusive-2017. https:\/\/www.icpas.org\/information\/copy-desk\/insight\/article\/digital-exclusive\/generation-z-connected-creative-driven"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib22","unstructured":"Stanford Report. Gen Z are not \u2018coddled.\u2019 They are highly collaborative, self-reliant and pragmatic, according to new Stanford-affiliated research. (2022), January 3rd, 2022, https:\/\/news.stanford.edu\/stories\/2022\/01\/know-gen-z, access 20.03.2025."},{"year":"2023","series-title":"Attention Span: A Groundbreaking Way to Restore Balance, Happiness and Productivity","author":"Mark","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib23"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib24.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosca, Joe, Curtis, Kevin, and Paul G. Savoth (2019). New Approaches to Learning for Generation Z. Journal of Business Diversity Vol. 19","DOI":"10.33423\/jbd.v19i3.2214"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib24.2","unstructured":"(3) 2019. 19. 10.33423\/jbd.v19i3.2214."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Downes, Stephen. (2010) \u201cNew technology supporting informal learning.\u201d Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence 2, 27\u201333.","DOI":"10.4304\/jetwi.2.1.27-33"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Donggil, and Curtis J. Bonk. (2016) \u201cMotivational factors in self-directed informal learning from online learning resources.\u201d Cogent Education, 3(1). 10.1080\/2331186X.2016.1205838","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2016.1205838"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib27","unstructured":"Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. New York, NY: Association Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkov\u00e1, Kate\u0159ina, Kubi\u0161ov\u00e1, Andrea, Krp\u00e1lkov\u00e1 Krelov\u00e1, Katar\u00edna, Krpalek, Pavel and Lenka Hole\u010dkov\u00e1. (2024). The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Use of Digital Learning Platforms and Forms of Learning by Generation Z Engineering Students. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP). 14. 4-23. 10.3991\/ijep.v14i8.50279.","DOI":"10.3991\/ijep.v14i8.50279"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib29.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susilo, Agus, Djatmika, Ery Tri, Mintarti, Sri Umi and Hari Wahyono (2019). The Entrepreneurial Learning of Generation Z Students in Industrial Revolution Era 4.0. A Case Study in Tertiary Education of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.18.9.5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib29.2","unstructured":"(9) (2019), doi.org\/10.26803\/ijlter.18.9.5."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiah, Kurnia Khafidhatur, Kamal, Irsyad and Adio, Matthew O. (2025). The Digital Influence on Entrepreneurial Readiness Exploring the ole of Social Media and Entrepreneurship Education in Enhancing Self-Efficacy. 3. 27-37. 10.62794\/ijober.v3i1.6657.","DOI":"10.62794\/ijober.v3i1.6657"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangr\u00e0, Albert and Steve Wheeler. (2013) New Informal Ways of Learning: Or Are We Formalising the Informal?. RUSC. Revista de Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento. 10. 10.7238\/rusc.v10i1.1689.","DOI":"10.7238\/rusc.v10i1.1689"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyndt Eva, Gijbels David, Grosemans I. and Vincent Donche. (2016) Teachers\u2019 everyday professional development: mapping informal learning activities, antecedents, and learning outcomes. Review of educational research. 86(4), 1111-1150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654315627864","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315627864"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231191741","article-title":"The Impact of Digital Disruption: Influences of Digital Media and Social Networks on Forming Digital Natives\u2019 Attitude","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derfert-Wolf, Lidia. (2019) Masowe otwarte kursy online (MOOC)\u2013implikacje dla bibliotek szk\u00f3\u0142 wy\u017cszych. Biblioteka 2019, 23 (32). Doi: 10.14746\/b.2019.23.3","DOI":"10.14746\/b.2019.23.3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radovan, Marko. (2019) Should I stay or should I go? Revisiting dropout in online learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. 20(3). 29-40. Doi: 10.17718\/tojde.598211","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.598211"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib36","unstructured":"Pokolenie Z nie jest gotowe do wej\u015bcia na rynek pracy. Luki w edukacji robi\u0105 swoje, Bankier.pl, 09.05.2024, https:\/\/www.bankier.pl\/wiadomosc\/Pokolenie-Z-nie-jest-gotowe-do-wejscia-na-rynek-pracy-Luki-w-edukacji-robia-swoje-8742732.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.56059\/jl4d.v9i2.584","article-title":"\"Learning Preferences of Generation Z Undergraduates at the University of Cyberjaya\"","volume":"9","author":"Ishak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Learning for Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248_bib38","unstructured":"eLearning Industry. (2023) \u201cExploring The Psychology Of Digital Natives: How Gen Z Learns Differently.\u201d Retrieved May 27, 2025, from https:\/\/elearningindustry.com\/exploring-the-psychology-of-digital-natives-how-gen-z-learns-differently."}],"container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050925029217?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050925029217?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T08:26:22Z","timestamp":1766305582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877050925029217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S1877050925029217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-0509"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1877-0509"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Generation Z\u2019s Perception of Knowledge and Learning in the Context of Formal and Informal Education","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Procedia Computer Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.248","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}