{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T08:28:25Z","timestamp":1766305705085,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":263,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T22:13:24Z","timestamp":1762467204000},"page":"1507-1516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Simultaneous Identification and Classification of Lung Nodules in CT Images - A Hierarchical Network Approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Mattmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Klaiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"R\u00f6ssle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01694-4","article-title":"Lung cancer screening","volume":"401","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64824-5","article-title":"3d-mcn: a 3d multi-scale capsule network for lung nodule malignancy prediction","volume":"10","author":"Afshar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib3","first-page":"397","article-title":"Brain tumor classification using cnn","volume":"20","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances and Applications in Mathematical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10535","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010535","article-title":"Detection and classification of covid-19 by radiological imaging modalities using deep learning techniques: a literature review","volume":"12","author":"Althenayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Data from lidc-idri [data set]","author":"Armato","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1212526","article-title":"A proposed methodology for detecting the malignant potential of pulmonary nodules in sarcoma using computed tomographic imaging and artificial intelligence-based models","volume":"13","author":"Baidya Kayal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib7","series-title":"Lung nodule classification using shallow cnns and deep transfer learning cnns, in: 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)","first-page":"1474","author":"Bruntha","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2020.101811","article-title":"Deep hiearchical multi-label classification applied to chest x-ray abnormality taxonomies","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib9","series-title":"Brain ct image classification with deep neural networks, in: Proceedings of the 18th Asia Pacific Symposium on Intelligent and Evolutionary Systems, Volume 1","first-page":"653","author":"Da","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib10","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy, A., 2020. An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929, 1\u201324."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2018.02.001","article-title":"Hybrid intelligent approach for diagnosis of the lung nodule from ct images using spatial kernelized fuzzy c-means and ensemble learning","volume":"149","author":"Farahani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mathematics and Computers in Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparative study on lung cancer detection using deep learning algorithms","volume":"9","author":"Farvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSRG International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5443-x","article-title":"Cnn-rnn: a large-scale hierarchical image classification framework","volume":"77","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib14","series-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"770","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib15","series-title":"Densely connected convolutional networks, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"4700","author":"Huang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/ai4030034","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence (xai): concepts and challenges in healthcare","volume":"4","author":"Hulsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib17","first-page":"421","article-title":"Deep learning methods for lung cancer nodule classification: A survey","volume":"18","author":"Illa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Mobile Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib18","series-title":"Semantic hierarchy-based convolutional neural networks for image classification, in: 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","first-page":"1","author":"Inoue","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib19","series-title":"Lung nodule detection from ct scans using 3d convolutional neural networks without candidate selection, in: Medical Imaging 2018: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","first-page":"723","author":"Jenuwine","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib20","series-title":"A review of the evolution and applications of convolutional neural network (cnn), in: 2023 2nd International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA)","first-page":"1109","author":"Joshi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib21","series-title":"Cnn models performance analysis on mri images of oasis dataset for distinction between healthy and alzheimer\u2019s patient, in: 2019 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","first-page":"1","author":"Khagi","year":"2019"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"A large-scale ct and pet\/ct dataset for lung cancer diagnosis (lung-pet-ct-dx)[data set]","author":"Li","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib22"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib23","unstructured":"Lu, X., Chang, E.Y., Hsu, C.N., Du, J., Gentili, A., 2021. Multi-classification study of the tuberculosis with 3d cbam-resnet and efficientnet., in: CLEF (Working Notes), pp. 1305\u20131309."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21203","article-title":"Convolutional neural network-based classification and monitoring models for lung cancer detection: 3d perspective approach","volume":"9","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Aseguinolaza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2023.0140874","article-title":"Deep learning enhanced internet of medical things to analyze brain computed tomography images of stroke patients","volume":"14","author":"Omarov","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib26","series-title":"A computer aided diagnosis system for detection of lung nodules from series of ct slices, in: 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)","first-page":"302","author":"Paing","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib27","series-title":"Ground glass opacity (ggo) nodules detection from lung ct scans, in: 2017 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD)","first-page":"230","author":"Paing","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib28","series-title":"A study of pulmonary nodules from multi-slice computed tomography using 3-d structure, in: 2017 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Applications (ACOMP)","first-page":"137","author":"Paing","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib29","series-title":"Improved random forest (rf) classifier for imbalanced classification of lung nodules, in: 2018 International Conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences, and Technology (ICEAST)","first-page":"1","author":"Paing","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib30","series-title":"A review on the integration of artificial intelligence in healthcare, in: 2024 5th International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC)","first-page":"880","author":"Pargaien","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105532","article-title":"Covid-19 identification in chest x-ray images on fat and hierarchical classification scenarios","volume":"194","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib32","series-title":"Lung nodule detection and classification: Methods and challenges, in: 2023 Second International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Systems (ICAISS)","first-page":"1012","author":"Prabhavalkar","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.11591\/ijai.v12.i4.pp1864-1872","article-title":"Development of hybrid convolutional neural network and autoregressive integrated moving average","volume":"12","author":"Saleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib34","series-title":"Use of convo-lutional neural networks for detection and segmentation of pulmonary nodules in computed tomography images, in: Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2020)","first-page":"292","author":"Saraiva","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib35","series-title":"Deep learning in medical image diagnosis for covid-19, in: 2024 ASU International Conference in Emerging Technologies for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems (ICETSIS)","first-page":"1858","author":"Satti","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.09.022","article-title":"Hierarchical convolutional neural networks for fashion image classification","volume":"116","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-6-S3-S8","article-title":"Categorizing biomedicine images using novel image features and sparse coding representation","volume":"6","author":"Sheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Medical Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-024-01049-5","article-title":"The advancement of artificial intelligence in biomedical research and health innovation: challenges and opportunities in emerging economies","volume":"20","author":"da Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102454","article-title":"Transforming clinical cardiology through neural networks and deep learning: A guide for clinicians","volume":"49","author":"Sutanto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Problems in Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib40","series-title":"Efficientnet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks, in: International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"6105","author":"Tan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib41","series-title":"Efficientnetv2: Smaller models and faster training, in: International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"10096","author":"Tan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-024-02811-7","article-title":"Early detection of lung cancer with low-dose ct scan using artificial intelligence: A comprehensive survey","volume":"5","author":"Thakral","year":"2024","journal-title":"SN Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib43","series-title":"A three-dimensional detector based on focal loss for pulmonary nodules detection, in: 2019 Chinese Control Conference (CCC)","first-page":"8445","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"An appraisal of lung nodules automatic classification algorithms for ct images","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2948881","article-title":"Discriminative fast hierarchical learning for multiclass image classification","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"}],"container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187705092502945X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187705092502945X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T08:24:04Z","timestamp":1766305444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S187705092502945X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S187705092502945X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-0509"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1877-0509"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Simultaneous Identification and Classification of Lung Nodules in CT Images - A Hierarchical Network Approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Procedia Computer Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2025.09.272","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}