{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:31:06Z","timestamp":1777951866739,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T19:30:19Z","timestamp":1774035019000},"page":"140-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["AI\u2013Driven Equity Evaluation Frameworks with Contrastive Models for Responsible Benchmarking in Natural Language Processing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Roohee","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashu","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2025.3573033","article-title":"\u201cFederated Learning With Small and Large Models With Privacy-Preserving Data Space for Holographic Internet of Things in Consumer Electronics,\u201d","volume":"71","author":"Ghazal","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. A. Fauzi et al., \u201cThe Present and Future Trends of Leadership Styles and Knowledge Hiding Through Science Mapping Analysis,\u201d Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, vol. 24, no. 5, 2025, doi: 10.1142\/S0219649225500406.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219649225500406"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. M. S. E. Saeed et al., \u201cUnveiling the Landscape of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methodologies in Network Security: A Comprehensive Literature Review,\u201d 2024, doi: 10.1109\/ICCR61006.2024.10533066.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCR61006.2024.10533066"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib4","first-page":"188","article-title":"\u201cIntegrating Three Machine Learning Algorithms in Ensemble Learning Model for Improving Content-based Spam Email Recognition,\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Saeed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Soft Computing and Data Mining"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87090","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3570901","article-title":"\u201cA New Hybrid PSO-HHO Wrapper Based Optimization for Feature Selection,\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Azeem","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104977","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3575610","article-title":"\u201cAbstractive Text Summarization in Arabic-Like Script Using Multi-Encoder Architecture and Semantic Extraction Techniques,\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Fatima","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2025.3572629","article-title":"\u201cGenerative Federated Learning With Small and Large Models in Consumer Electronics for Privacy-Preserving Data Fusion in Healthcare Internet of Things,\u201d","volume":"71","author":"Ghazal","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muneer S, Ghazal TM, Alyas T, et al. Explainable AI-Driven Chatbot System for Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 2024;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/ijacsa.2024.0151227.","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2024.0151227"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang T, Ladhak F, Durmus E, Liang P, McKeown K, Hashimoto TB. Benchmarking large language models for news summarization. arXiv [Preprint]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2301.13848.","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00632"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib10","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhou T. CEB: compositional evaluation benchmark for fairness in large language models. arXiv [Preprint]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.02408."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib11","unstructured":"Pimentel MAF, Christophe C. Beyond metrics: a critical analysis of the variability in large language model evaluation frameworks. arXiv [Preprint]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.21072."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fairness Auditing and Debiasing","volume":"2","author":"Manerba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Linguistic Data and Language Models"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Responsible AI: Theoretical and Technical Approaches","volume":"2","author":"Tiwari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Computer Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.5267\/j.ijdns.2024.1.005","article-title":"\u201cA fine-tuning of decision tree classifier for ransomware detection based on memory data,\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Abualhaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Data and Network Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16971-w","article-title":"\u201cAn optimal task scheduling method in IoT-Fog-Cloud network using multi-objective moth-flame algorithm,\u201d","volume":"83","author":"Salehnia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41829","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3377232","article-title":"\u201cTransformer-Based Named Entity Recognition in Construction Supply Chain Risk Management in Australia,\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Shishehgarkhaneh","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib17","first-page":"2273","article-title":"\u201cTuning the K value in K-nearest neighbors for malware detection,\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Abualhaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib18","first-page":"924","article-title":"\u201cEnhancing Threat Detection in Financial Cyber Security Through Auto Encoder-MLP Hybrid Models,\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Al-Mahadeen","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang T, Ladhak F, Durmus E, Liang P, McKeown K, Hashimoto TB. Benchmarking large language models for news summarization. arXiv [Preprint]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2301.13848.","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00632"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Benchmarking and Responsible Development of ChatGPT","volume":"3","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"BenchCouncil Transactions on Benchmarks, Standards and Evaluation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15007","article-title":"Holistic Evaluation of Language Models","volume":"1525","author":"Bommasani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survey of Large Language Models","volume":"2","author":"Mohammadabadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib23","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhou T. CEB: compositional evaluation benchmark for fairness in large language models. arXiv [Preprint]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.02408."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib24","unstructured":"Pimentel MAF, Christophe C. Beyond metrics: a critical analysis of the variability in large language model evaluation frameworks. arXiv [Preprint]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.21072."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib25","unstructured":"[3Gupta V, Venkit P. CALM: A multi-task benchmark for comprehensive assessment of language model bias. arXiv [Preprint]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.12539."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fairness Auditing and Debiasing","volume":"2","author":"Manerba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Linguistic Data and Language Models"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Responsible AI: Theoretical and Technical Approaches","volume":"2","author":"Tiwari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Computer Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16889-3","article-title":"\u201cA novel secure cryptography model for data transmission based on Rotor64 technique,\u201d","volume":"83","author":"Obedat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16068-4","article-title":"\u201cMobile money fraud detection using data analysis and visualization techniques,\u201d","volume":"83","author":"Al-Sayyed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2024.057673","article-title":"\u201cClassification of Cybersecurity Threats, Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in Database Systems,\u201d","volume":"81","author":"Almaiah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers, Materials and Continua"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v35.i3.pp1773-1785","article-title":"\u201cOptimizing blockchain for healthcare IoT: a practical guide to navigating scalability, privacy, and efficiency trade-offs,\u201d","volume":"35","author":"AlHija","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. H. Baniata, S. Kang, M. A. Alsharaiah, and M. Baniata, \u201cAdvanced Deep Learning Model for Predicting the Academic Performances of Students in Educational Institutions,\u201d Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 5, 2024, doi: 10.3390\/app14051963.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14051963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEE62185.2024.10779310","article-title":"\"Enhancing Malware Detection with Firefly and Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithms,\"","author":"Abu-Shareha","year":"2024","journal-title":"2024 11th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE), Marmaris, Turkiye"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v14i5.pp6036-6046","article-title":"\u201cEnhancing internet of things security: evaluating machine learning classifiers for attack prediction,\u201d","volume":"14","author":"Arabiat","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Salah, H. A. Abu Owida, E. Abu Elsoud, E. Alhenawi, S. Abuowaida, and N. F. F. Alshdaifat, \u201cAn Effective Ensemble Approach for Preventing and Detecting Phishing Attacks in Textual Form,\u201d Future Internet, vol. 16, no. 11, 2024, doi: 10.3390\/fi16110414.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16110414"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.15849\/IJASCA.240330.07","article-title":"\u201cInnovative Malware Detection: Practical Swarm Optimization and fuzzyKNN Model in Honeypot Environment,\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Othman","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Advances in Soft Computing and its Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Maaz, G. N. Ahmed, A. S. Al-Shamayleh, A. Akhundzada, S. Siddiqui, and A. H. Al-Ghushami, \u201cEmpowering IoT Resilience: Hybrid Deep Learning Techniques for Enhanced Security,\u201d IEEE Access, 2024, doi: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3482005.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3482005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"\"Analyzing the Challenges Facing Digital Mental Health (DMH) Between Aspiration and Reality,\"","author":"Tassnim","year":"2024","journal-title":"2024 2nd International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR), Dubai, United Arab Emirates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Kiran Kumar et al., \u201cAn optimized meta-heuristic clustering-based routing scheme for secured wireless sensor networks,\u201d International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 37, no. 11, 2024, doi: 10.1002\/dac.5791.","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5791"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"\"Overview of Challenges Faced by Digital Forensic,\"","author":"Fakhouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"2024 2nd International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR), Dubai, United Arab Emirates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. M. Alsokkar, M. A. Otair, H. E. Alfar, A. Y. Nasereddin, K. Aldiabat, and L. M. Q. Abualigah, \u201cSentiment analysis for Arabic call center notes using machine learning techniques,\u201d Journal of Autonomous Intelligence, vol. 7, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.32629\/jai.v7i3.940.","DOI":"10.32629\/jai.v7i3.940"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2024.0150125","article-title":"\u201cPerformance Evaluation of Machine Learning Classifiers for Predicting Denial-of-Service Attack in Internet of Things,\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Almomani","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.32604\/cmes.2023.045170","article-title":"\u201cSynergistic Swarm Optimization Algorithm,\u201d","volume":"139","author":"Alzoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMES\u2013Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.5267\/j.ijdns.2023.12.024","article-title":"\u201cCan companies in digital marketing benefit from artificial intelligence in content creation?,\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Data and Network Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2024.01503126","article-title":"\u201cThe Effect of Pre-processing on a Convolutional Neural Network Model for Dorsal Hand Vein Recognition,\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Tarawneh","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhundzada, A. S. Al-Shamayleh, S. Zeadally, A. S. Almogren, and A. A. Abu-Shareha, \u201cDesign and performance of an AI-enabled threat intelligence framework for IoT-enabled autonomous vehicles,\u201d Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 119, 2024, doi: 10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109609.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109609"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"\"Transfer Learning Approach for Detecting Keylogging Attack on the Internet of Things,\"","author":"Maz","year":"2024","journal-title":"2024 4th International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (eSmarTA), Sana\u2019a, Yemen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib48","first-page":"1","article-title":"\"Critical Evaluation of the Role of Cloud Systems and Networking in the Security and Growth of the Business Market,\"","author":"Fakhouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"2024 2nd International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR), Dubai, United Arab Emirates"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17886-2","article-title":"\u201cModified Aquila Optimizer Feature Selection Approach and Support Vector Machine Classifier for Intrusion Detection System,\u201d","volume":"83","author":"Abualigah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"}],"container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050926000189?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050926000189?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:14:25Z","timestamp":1777893265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877050926000189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S1877050926000189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-0509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-0509","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"AI\u2013Driven Equity Evaluation Frameworks with Contrastive Models for Responsible Benchmarking in Natural Language Processing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Procedia Computer Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}