{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:31:14Z","timestamp":1777951874855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T19:30:19Z","timestamp":1774035019000},"page":"175-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Energy-Efficient Lightweight Models for Green Artificial Intelligence in Language Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Parmanand","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e4h\u00e4kainu P, Lehto M. Use of Artificial Intelligence in a Cybersecurity Environment. Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, Springer International Publishing; 2022, p. 3\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-15030-2_1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15030-2_1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hawary SIS, Al-Momani AM, Vasudevan A, Masadeh M, Sarayreh A Al, Jahmani K, et al. Innovation Through Intelligence: Mapping the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence with Bibliometric Methods. vol. 1171. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-77925-1_17.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-77925-1_17"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal H, Tian Y, Ali A, Muhammad Y, Yahya A, Izneid BA, et al. An Intelligent Approach for Early and Accurate Predication of Cardiac Disease Using Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Techniques. Bioengineering 2024;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering11121290.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11121290"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanta IS, Mohanty S, Parida SM, Rout PK, Panda S, Bajaj M, et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques for power quality event classification: a focused review and future insights. Results in Engineering 2025;25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103873.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103873"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.15849\/IJASCA.240330.07","article-title":"\u201cInnovative Malware Detection: Practical Swarm Optimization and fuzzyKNN Model in Honeypot Environment,\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Othman","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Advances in Soft Computing and its Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafar RMS, Jabeen M, Hussain S, Sham R, Al-Adwan AS. Cyber Shopping Beyond Boundaries: The Metaverse Revolution in e-Commerce and Consumer Behavior. Hum Behav Emerg Technol 2025;2025:5559234.","DOI":"10.1155\/hbe2\/5559234"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ALDabbas A, Baniata LH, AlSaaidah BA, Mustafa Z, Alali M, Rateb R. Artificial intelligence-driven method for the discovery and prevention of distributed denial of service attacks. IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 2025;14:614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijai.v14.i1.pp614-628.","DOI":"10.11591\/ijai.v14.i1.pp614-628"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suartz CV, Martinez LM, Cordeiro MD, Flores HA, Kodama S, Cardili L, et al. Artificial intelligence for predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Urological Association Journal 2024;18:E276--E284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5489\/cuaj.8681.","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.8681"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abualigah L, Alomari SA, Almomani MH, Zitar RA, Saleem K, Migdady H, et al. Artificial intelligence-driven translational medicine: a machine learning framework for predicting disease outcomes and optimizing patient-centric care. J Transl Med 2025;23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-06308-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06948-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Din SU, Khusro S, Khan FA, Ahmad M, Ali O, Ghazal TM. An automatic approach for the identification of offensive language in Perso-Arabic Urdu Language: Dataset Creation and Evaluation. IEEE Access 2025;13:19755\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3534662.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3534662"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhawaja L, Jaradat A, Ghnaim F. Uncovering the Norms of Subtitling Taboo Language Into Arabic: Two and a Half Men From Past to Present. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 2024;15:1854\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/jltr.1506.11.","DOI":"10.17507\/jltr.1506.11"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhawaja L. Unveiling the New Frontier: ChatGPT-3 Powered Translation for Arabic-English Language Pairs. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 2024;14:347\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/tpls.1402.05.","DOI":"10.17507\/tpls.1402.05"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vo Thanh H, Dai Z, Du Z, Yin H, Yan B, Soltanian MR, et al. Artificial intelligence-based prediction of hydrogen adsorption in various kerogen types: Implications for underground hydrogen storage and cleaner production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2024;57:1000\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.01.115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.01.115"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhaouari SB, Kraidia I. Efficient self-attention with smart pruning for sustainable large language models. Sci Rep 2025;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92586-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92586-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamil AMA, Areiqat AY, Dabaghia MN, Joudeh JMM. Enrooting Artificial Intelligence Advantageously in Marketing. Technical and Vocational Education and Training, vol. 38, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2024, p. 495\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-99-6909-8_43.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-6909-8_43"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassona Y. Applications of artificial intelligence in special care dentistry. Special Care in Dentistry 2024;44:952\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/scd.12911.","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12911"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rateb R, Abualhaj MM, Alsaaidah A, Alsharaiah MA, Shorman A, Thalji NJ. Exploring the dynamics of providing cognition using a computational model of cognitive insomnia. IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence 2025;14:92\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijai.v14.i1.pp92-101.","DOI":"10.11591\/ijai.v14.i1.pp92-101"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib18","first-page":"2024","article-title":"Current Trends in Artificial Intelligence for Educational Advancements","author":"Al-Tarawneh","year":"2024","journal-title":"2024 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications, DASA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Areiqat AY, Alzeer NM, Al-Qaruty TMR, Binsaddig R. Embracing Disruption: The Intersection of FinTech, RegTech, and Artificial Intelligence. Technical and Vocational Education and Training, vol. 39, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2024, p. 427\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-99-7798-7_36.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7798-7_36"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owida HA, Hassan MR, Ali AM, Alnaimat F, Al Sharah A, Abuowaida S, et al. The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance imaging screening. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2024;14:2234\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijece.v14i2.pp2234-2241.","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v14i2.pp2234-2241"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhenawy M, Abdelhay A, Alhadidi TI, Ashqar HI, Jaradat S, Jaber A, et al. Eyeballing Combinatorial Problems: A Case Study of Using Multimodal Large Language Models to Solve Traveling Salesman Problems. vol. 1268 LNNS. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-82377-0_29.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-82377-0_29"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samara HH, Qudah HA, Mohsin HJ, Abualhijad S, Bani Hani LY, Al Rahamneh S, et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in corporate governance: A bibliometric analysis. Human Systems Management 2025;44:349\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/HSM-240114.","DOI":"10.3233\/HSM-240114"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi AK. Blockchain\u2010Enabled Internet of Things (IoTs) Platforms for IoT\u2010Based Healthcare and Biomedical Sectors. Artificial Intelligence\u2010Enabled Blockchain Technology and Digital Twin for Smart Hospitals 2024:201\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781394287420.ch10.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394287420.ch10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adwan A Al. Can companies in digital marketing benefit from artificial intelligence in content creation? International Journal of Data and Network Science 2024;8:797\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5267\/j.ijdns.2023.12.024.","DOI":"10.5267\/j.ijdns.2023.12.024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shambour QY, Qandeel N, Alraba\u2019nah Y, Abumariam A, Shambour MK. Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Early Autism Detection in Toddlers: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Applied Data Sciences 2024;5:1754\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47738\/jads.v5i4.353.","DOI":"10.47738\/jads.v5i4.353"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braik M, Al-Hiary H, Alzoubi H, Hammouri A, Azmi Al-Betar M, Awadallah MA. Tornado optimizer with Coriolis force: a novel bio-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm for solving engineering problems. Artif Intell Rev 2025;58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-025-11118-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11118-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nimma D, Dhanke JA, Murthy GSN, Khandekar SD, Hymavathi J, Jangir P, et al. Optimization of Crop Yields in Sustainable Agriculture: Application of Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence. Remote Sens Earth Syst Sci 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41976-024-00189-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41976-024-00189-x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjalawe Y, Fraihat S, Al-E\u2019mari S, Abualhaj M, Makhadmeh S, Alzubi E. A Review of 6G and AI Convergence: Enhancing Communication Networks With Artificial Intelligence. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2025;6:2308\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OJCOMS.2025.3553302.","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2025.3553302"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed Dahri N, Yahaya N, Mugahed Al-Rahmi W, Almuqren L, Almgren AS, Alshimai A, et al. The Effect of AI Gamification on Students\u2019 Engagement and Academic Achievement in Malaysia: SEM Analysis Perspectives. IEEE Access 2025;13:70791\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3560567.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3560567"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abunasrieh S, Alqeisi HA, Akileh DY, Al-Tarawneh AMA. Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Developing Clinical Psychological Research: Implications and Future Aspirations. 2024 2nd International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR), IEEE; 2024, p. 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iccr61006.2024.10533036.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCR61006.2024.10533036"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria, Abbasi AZ, Raja MAZ, Nisar KS, Shoaib M. A novel caputo fractional model for english language learning: Analysis and simulation with bayesian regularization approach. MethodsX 2025;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mex.2025.103375.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2025.103375"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehadeh M. Exploring Cutting-Edge Algorithms in FinTech: Leveraging Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Achieving Sustainability. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-83549-608-420251011.","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-83549-608-420251011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam M, Al-Mahzoum K, Alaraji H, Albayati N, Alenzei S, AlFarhan F, et al. Apprehension toward generative artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multinational study among health sciences students. Front Educ (Lausanne) 2025;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2025.1542769.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1542769"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagra AA, Alissa K, Ghazal TM, Kukunuru S, Asif MM, Fawad M. Deep Sentiments Analysis for Roman Urdu Dataset Using Faster Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network Model. Applied Artificial Intelligence 2022;36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08839514.2022.2123094.","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2022.2123094"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Jaghoub S, Al-Qora\u2019n LF, Al-Odat AM, Alheet AF. Educators\u2019 Perceptions on Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Insights from the Jordanian Higher Education. International Journal of Information and Education Technology 2025;15:716\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18178\/ijiet.2025.15.4.2278.","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2025.15.4.2278"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas S, Ahmed F, Khan WA, Ahmad M, Khan MA, Ghazal TM. Intelligent skin disease prediction system using transfer learning and explainable artificial intelligence. Sci Rep 2025;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-83966-4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83966-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib37","first-page":"9110","article-title":"Designing Energy-Efficient Machine Learning Models in Python for Green AI","volume":"7","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7525","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3143722","article-title":"Energy-efficient artificial intelligence of things with intelligent edge","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan S, Ghazal TM, Alyas T, Waqas M, Raza MA, Ali O, et al. Towards Transparent Traffic Solutions: Reinforcement Learning and Explainable AI for Traffic Congestion. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 2025;16:503\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2025.0160150.","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2025.0160150"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative Study on Energy Consumption of Neural Networks by Scaling of Weight-Memory Energy Versus Computing Energy for Implementing Low-Power Edge Intelligence","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lightweight deep learning for resource-constrained environments: A survey","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labiod C, Meneceur R, Bebboukha A, Hechifa A, Srairi K, Ghanem A, et al. Enhanced photovoltaic panel diagnostics through AI integration with experimental DC to DC Buck Boost converter implementation. Sci Rep 2025;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84365-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84365-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intelligent recognition and teaching of English fuzzy texts based on fuzzy computing and big data","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00641-4","article-title":"Towards sustainable AI: a comprehensive framework for Green AI","volume":"5","author":"Tabbakh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discover Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v35.i3.pp1773-1785","article-title":"\u201cOptimizing blockchain for healthcare IoT: a practical guide to navigating scalability, privacy, and efficiency trade-offs,\u201d","volume":"35","author":"AlHija","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3373-0766-4.ch010","article-title":"Green Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)","volume":"1","author":"Pavunraj","year":"2025","journal-title":"In Energy Efficient Algorithms and Green Data Centers for Sustainable Computing"}],"container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050926000220?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050926000220?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:14:04Z","timestamp":1777893244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877050926000220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1877050926000220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-0509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-0509","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Energy-Efficient Lightweight Models for Green Artificial Intelligence in Language Technologies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Procedia Computer Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.01.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}