{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:20:05Z","timestamp":1783527605778,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T07:18:00Z","timestamp":1774250280000},"page":"3034-3045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Investigating Barriers to Supply Chain Visibility and Implications for Transparency in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Funlade T.","family":"Sunmola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uje D.","family":"Apeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smse.2022.100008","article-title":"Surviving major disruptions: Building supply chain resilience and visibility through rapid information flow and real-time insights at the \u201cedge\u201d","volume":"2","author":"Dey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Manufacturing and Service Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Barratt and A. Oke, (2007) \u201cAntecedents of supply chain visibility in retail supply chains: A resource-based theory perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 25(6): 1217-1233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jom.2007.01.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2007.01.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2009.08.016","article-title":"\u201cDo virtuality and complexity affect supply chain visibility?\u201d","volume":"127","author":"Caridi","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Sunmola, P. Burgess, A. Tan, J. Chanchaichujit, S. Balasubramania, and M. Mahmud, (2023) \u201cPrioritising Visibility Influencing Factors in Supply Chains for Resilience,\u201d Procedia Computer Science, 217, pp1589\u20131598, doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2022.12.359.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.12.359"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib5","series-title":"Models and technologies for the enhancement of transparency and visibility in food supply chains","author":"Nilsson","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib6","series-title":"Tackling supply chain \u2018blind spots\u2019 via end-to-end visibility, traceability, and transparency: Conceptualising the role publicly data and big data analytics","author":"Nie","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib7","first-page":"678","article-title":"More than bar codes: integrating global standards-based bar code technology into national health information systems in Ethiopia and Pakistan to increase end-to-end supply chain visibility","volume":"5","author":"Hara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Health: Science and Practice,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib8","series-title":"Orchestrating agile omnichannel supply chain planning through big data analytics and end-to-end visibility","author":"Ooi","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10485","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2021.3095193","article-title":"Digital supply chain management and technology to enhance resilience by building and using end-to-end visibility during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"71","author":"Ivanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottih, C., Cussen, K., & Mustafa, M. (2018). Building strong health supply chain systems: the visibility and analytics network approach to improving the Nigeria immunisation supply chain. BMJ Health & Care Informatics, 25(4).","DOI":"10.14236\/jhi.v25i4.944"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12361-9","article-title":"Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Olutuase","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1108\/JM2-08-2021-0181","article-title":"Sustainable supply chain visibility assessment and proposals for improvements using fuzzy logic","volume":"18","author":"Apeji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Modelling in Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-08-2020-0453","article-title":"Effect of information sharing in supply chains: understanding the roles of supply chain visibility, agility, collaboration on supply chain performance","volume":"29","author":"Baah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Benchmarking: An International Journal,"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLM-02-2021-0115","article-title":"Supply chain transparency: theoretical perspectives for future research","volume":"34","author":"Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"The International Journal of Logistics Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-02-2023-0083","article-title":"Unveiling the factors influencing transparency and traceability in agri-food supply chains: an interconnected framework","volume":"29","author":"Essien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Supply Chain Management: An International Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2021.10.056","article-title":"Manufacturing process innovation deployment readiness from an extended people, process, and technology framework viewpoint","volume":"55","author":"Sunmola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Manufacturing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaiarasan, R., Olhager, J., Agrawal, T. K., & Wiktorsson, M. (2022). The ABCDE of supply chain visibility: A systematic literature review and framework. International Journal of Production Economics, 248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2022.108464"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib18","series-title":"Supply chain management systems in Africa: Insights from Nigeria. In Business in Africa in the era of digital technology: Essays in honour of Professor William Darley (pp. 121-140)","author":"Oyedijo","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.26794\/2308-944X-2024-12-3-6-27","article-title":"A systematic review on exploring the influence of Industry 4.0 technologies to enhance supply chain visibility and operational efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Business and Economics Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14488\/BJOPM.2194.2024","article-title":"Unlocking sustainability through supply chain visibility: Insights from the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh","volume":"21","author":"Emon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-09-2023-0375","article-title":"Modelling supply chain visibility: a framework with considerations for manufacturing and business","volume":"35","author":"Sunmola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.068","article-title":"Transforming vaccines supply chains in Nigeria","volume":"35","author":"Sarley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib23","unstructured":"Ezeh, F. S., Ogeawuchi, J. C., Abayomi, A. A., & Aderemi, O. Advances in Blockchain and IoT Integration for Real-Time Supply Chain Visibility and Procurement Transparency."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.51594\/estj.v6i4.1912","article-title":"Infrastructure and Regulatory Barriers to AI Supply Chain Systems in Nigeria vs","volume":"6","author":"Oyeyemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"the US. Engineering Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.30574\/ijsra.2024.11.1.0278","article-title":"Blockchain in global supply chains: A comparative review of USA and African practices","volume":"11","author":"Ejairu","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Research Archive"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1304223900","article-title":"One is not enough: The need for multiple respondents in survey research of organizations","volume":"10","author":"Balloun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/02602930701293231","article-title":"The adequacy of response rates to online and paper surveys: what can be done?","volume":"33","author":"Nulty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assessment & evaluation in higher education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib28","series-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053555","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2023.1053555","article-title":"Mitigating bureaucratic inefficiencies through blockchain technology in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Shava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Blockchain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.01.077","article-title":"Key success factors for integration of blockchain and ERP systems: A systematic literature review","volume":"232","author":"Sunmola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib31","series-title":"Efficiency of IoT Adoption and Supply Chain Optimization: An Empirical Evidence from Nigeria","author":"Ezekwueme","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1108\/AAAJ-06-2015-2088","article-title":"Transparency fallacy: Unintended consequences of stakeholder claims on responsibility in supply chains","volume":"31","author":"Gold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib33","unstructured":"Onuma, E. P. Multi-Tier Supplier Visibility and Ethical Sourcing: Leveraging Blockchain for Transparency in Complex Global Supply Chains."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2023.101033","article-title":"Dealing with high-risk environments: Institutional-based tools to reduce political risk costs","volume":"29","author":"Adarkwah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2005.00490.x","article-title":"The dynamic between firms\u2019 environmental strategies and institutional constraints in emerging economies: Evidence from China and Taiwan","volume":"42","author":"Child","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Management studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.33736\/ijbs.5631.2023","article-title":"BUREAUCRATIC BEHAVIOUR, AND ITS INFLUENCE TOWARDS COMPETITIVENESS\u2013ANALYSING THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF BANGLADESHI CLOTHING INDUSTRY","volume":"24","author":"Nuruzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4236\/ojbm.2023.112024","article-title":"Effects of supply chain visibility on supply chain performance in Ghana health service: The case of Kumasi Metro Health directorate","volume":"11","author":"Asamoah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Journal of Business and Management"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1504\/IJISM.2020.107846","article-title":"Factors influencing information and communication technology diffusion in Nigeria\u2019s transport logistics industry: an exploratory study","volume":"13","author":"Ezenwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Integrated Supply Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib39","series-title":"Unlocking Nigeria\u2019s potential: experts\u2019 opinion-based insights on the economic impact of logistics challenges. In Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal (pp. 1-15)","author":"Okunsanya","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/economies12030070","article-title":"Examining the contribution of logistics and supply chain in boosting Oman\u2019s trade network","volume":"12","author":"Mishrif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Economies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2478\/sbe-2025-0014","article-title":"Trade Facilitation and Firms: A Literature Review","volume":"20","author":"Sibupiwa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Studies in Business and Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1108\/HESWBL-07-2020-0159","article-title":"Supply chain workforce training: addressing the digital skills gap","volume":"11","author":"Foroughi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/jtscm.v9i1.180","article-title":"Critical factors that impact on the efficiency of the Lagos seaports","volume":"9","author":"Ojadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107829","article-title":"The role of national culture on supply chain visibility: Lessons from Germany, Japan, and the USA","volume":"230","author":"Doetzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-10-2020-0519","article-title":"Exploring the influence of supply chain collaboration on supply chain visibility, stakeholder trust, environmental and financial performances: a partial least square approach","volume":"29","author":"Baah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Benchmarking: An International Journal"}],"container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050926004606?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877050926004606?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:37:44Z","timestamp":1783525064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877050926004606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1877050926004606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-0509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-0509","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigating Barriers to Supply Chain Visibility and Implications for Transparency in Nigeria","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Procedia Computer Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.02.339","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}