{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:03:41Z","timestamp":1780405421249,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":99,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:09:06Z","timestamp":1780402146000},"page":"1356-1361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Deepfakes Between Reality and Illusion: Ethical Risks and Mitigation Lessons from the Reface Face-Swap App"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"Areej","family":"Almazroa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesal","family":"Alnoamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashael","family":"Almuflih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njoud","family":"Almanea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joud","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourah","family":"Aljobailah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Kurdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Mirsky and W. Lee, \u201cThe Creation and Detection of Deepfakes: A Survey,\u201d ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 54, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1145\/3425780.","DOI":"10.1145\/3425780"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2019.11.006","article-title":"\u201cDeepfakes: Trick or treat?,\u201d","volume":"63","author":"Kietzmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2020.3002101","article-title":"\u201cMedia Forensics and DeepFakes: An Overview,\u201d","volume":"14","author":"Verdoliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. R\u00f6ssler, D. Cozzolino, L. Verdoliva, C. Riess, J. Thies, and M. Nie\u00dfner, \u201cFaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images,\u201d in Proc. IEEE\/CVF, Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), 2019, pp. 1\u201311, doi: 10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00009.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib5","first-page":"1753","article-title":"\u201cDeep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security,\u201d","volume":"107","author":"Chesney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calif. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib6","unstructured":"European Union, \u201cRegulation (EU) 2024\/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act),\u201d Off. J. Eur. Union, Jun. 13, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\/eng. Accessed: Dec. 15, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib7","unstructured":"C2PA, \u201cC2PA Specifications (Content Credentials),\u201d v2.2. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/spec.c2pa.org\/specifications\/specifications\/2.2\/index.html (accessed Jan. 23, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib8","unstructured":"Apple Inc., \u201cReface: Face Swap AI Photo App,\u201d App Store. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/reface-face-swap-ai-photo-app\/id1488782587. Accessed: Dec. 15, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib9","unstructured":"Google, \u201cReface: Face Swap AI Photo App,\u201d Google Play. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=video.reface.app. Accessed: Dec. 15, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib10","unstructured":"Reface, \u201cReface (official website).\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/reface.ai\/. Accessed: Dec. 15, 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib11","first-page":"1753","article-title":"\u201cDeepfakes and the New Disinformation War: The Coming Age of Post-Truth Geopolitics,\u201d","volume":"107","author":"Chesney","year":"2019","journal-title":"California Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Li, X. Yang, P. Sun, H. Qi, and S. Lyu, \u201cCeleb-DF: A Large-Scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensics,\u201d in Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), 2020, doi: 10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00327.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00327"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Vaccari and A. Chadwick, \u201cDeepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News,\u201d Social Media + Society, 2020, doi: 10.1177\/2056305120903408.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120903408"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. C. K\u00f6bis, B. Dole\u017ealov\u00e1, and I. Soraperra, \u201cFooled twice: People cannot detect deepfakes but think they can,\u201d iScience, vol. 24, no. 11, Art. no. 103364, 2021, doi: 10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103364.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103364"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib15","unstructured":"H. Ajder, G. Patrini, F. Cavalli, and L. Cullen, \u201cThe State of Deepfakes: Landscape, Threats, and Impact,\u201d 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/regmedia.co.uk\/2019\/10\/08\/deepfake_report.pdf (accessed Dec. 15, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Karasavva, M. Noorbhai, and M. A. A. Menczer, \u201cThe Real Threat of Deepfake Pornography: A Review of Canadian Policy,\u201d Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 2021, doi: 10.1089\/cyber.2020.0272.","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0272"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Diakopoulos and D. G. Johnson, \u201cAnticipating and addressing the ethical implications of deepfakes in the context of elections,\u201d New Media & Society, 2021, doi: 10.1177\/1461444820925811.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820925811"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Trifonova and S. Venkatagiri, \u201cMisinformation, Fraud, and Stereotyping: Towards a Typology of Harm Caused by Deepfakes,\u201d in Companion Publication of the 2024 Conf. on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW Companion \u201824), 2024, pp. 533\u2013538, doi: 10.1145\/3678884.3685938.","DOI":"10.1145\/3678884.3685938"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib19","unstructured":"R. K. Yin, Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib20","unstructured":"C. Sandvig, K. Hamilton, K. Karahalios, and C. Langbort, \u201cAuditing Algorithms: Research Methods for Detecting Discrimination on Internet Platforms,\u201d presented at Data and Discrimination: Converting Critical Concerns into Productive Inquiry, ICA, Seattle, WA, USA, May 2014. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ai.equineteurope.org\/system\/files\/2022-02\/ICA2014-Sandvig.pdf (accessed Dec. 15, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. D. Raji, A. Smart, R. N. White, M. Mitchell, T. Gebru, B. Hutchinson, J. Smith-Loud, D. Theron, and P. Barnes, \u201cClosing the AI Accountability Gap: Defining an End-to-End Framework for Internal Algorithmic Auditing,\u201d in Proc. ACM Conf. Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT), 2020, doi: 10.1145\/3351095.3372873.","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0114-4","article-title":"\u201cPrinciples Alone Cannot Guarantee Ethical AI,\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Mittelstadt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib23","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC, \u201cISO\/IEC 42001:2023 Information technology \u2014 Artificial intelligence \u2014 Management system,\u201d 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/81230.html (accessed Dec. 15, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NIST, \u201cArtificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0),\u201d 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.AI.100-1 (accessed Dec. 15, 2025).","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.AI.100-1.jpn"}],"container-title":["Procedia Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187705092601197X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187705092601197X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:11:47Z","timestamp":1780402307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S187705092601197X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["S187705092601197X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-0509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-0509","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Deepfakes Between Reality and Illusion: Ethical Risks and Mitigation Lessons from the Reface Face-Swap App","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Procedia Computer Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2026.04.184","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}