{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T20:54:35Z","timestamp":1781816075521,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:14:06Z","timestamp":1781788446000},"page":"103360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Beyond rigid automation: A review of vision-language-action models for adaptive human\u2013robot disassembly"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4492-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baki Ul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao Paulo Jacomini","family":"Prioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8497-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Carlos Hernandez","family":"Azucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14112275","article-title":"Transforming robots into cobots: a sustainable approach to industrial automation","volume":"14","author":"Fernandez-Vega","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100149","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3576441","article-title":"Toward sustainable manufacturing: a review on innovations in robotic assembly and disassembly","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1108\/CI-10-2022-0266","article-title":"Design for adaptability and disassembly: guidelines for building deconstruction","volume":"25","author":"Munaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9229","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2025.2536195","article-title":"Machine learning-based dynamic production planning and control in unreliable manufacturing systems with supply disruptions","volume":"63","author":"Assid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10696-024-09576-4","article-title":"Use of AI in assembly line design and worker and equipment management: review and future directions","volume":"37","author":"Elyasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Flex.Serv. Manuf. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Chen et al., \u201cCombatVLA: an efficient vision-language-action model for combat tasks in 3D action role-playing games,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.09527.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51701.2025.01016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0007","unstructured":"Y. Wang et al., \u201cUnified vision-language-action model,\u201d pp. 1\u201318, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.19850."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0008","unstructured":"C.K. Ng et al., \u201cEndoVLA: dual-phase vision-language-action model for autonomous tracking in endoscopy,\u201d pp. 1\u201316, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.15206."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0009","unstructured":"H. Wu, Z. Zhou, and J. Zhang, \u201cA tutorial note on collecting simulated data for vision-language-action models,\u201d vol. 1, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.06547."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0010","unstructured":"I.M. Chekam et al., \u201cInterpretable robot control via structured behavior trees and large language models,\u201d pp. 1\u201315, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.09621."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0011","unstructured":"X. Yin, M.-S. Yoon, Y. Huo, K. Zhang, and S.-E. Yoon, \u201cLangPert: detecting and handling task-level perturbations for robust object rearrangement,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.09893."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0012","series-title":"CoRL","first-page":"1","article-title":"CoRI: synthesizing communication of robot intent for physical human\u2013robot interaction","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-04-2021-0077","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in human robot collaboration context of industry 4.0 - a state of the art review","volume":"49","author":"Inkulu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Robot Int. J. Robot. Res. Appl."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5663","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125663","article-title":"Human\u2013robot collaborations in smart manufacturing environments: review and outlook","volume":"23","author":"Othman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-025-02580-x","article-title":"Exploring the synergy of human\u2013robot teaming, digital twins, and machine learning in industry 5.0: a step towards sustainable manufacturing","volume":"37","author":"Lang\u00e5s","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-16039-z","article-title":"Toward acceptance of human\u2013robot collaboration in industrial settings: a bibliometric and systematic literature review","volume":"139","author":"Concetta Manuela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4063992","article-title":"A review of prospects and opportunities in disassembly with human\u2013robot collaboration","volume":"146","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Wu, Y. Zhou, X. Xu, Z. Wang, and H. Yan, \u201cMoManipVLA: transferring vision-language-action models for general mobile manipulation,\u201d pp. 1714\u20131723, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.13446.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.00167"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Suo, C. Zhang, B. Han, Z. Jin, J. Liu, and X. Chen, \u201cVision-language-action model enabling continuum robots in aeroengine blade In-situ inspection,\u201d 2025. doi: 10.2139\/ssrn.5351525.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5351525"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Zhang, C. Zhang, Z. Xu, Q. Xie, P. Feng, and L. Zeng, \u201cEmbodied intelligent industrial robotics: concepts and techniques,\u201d 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/github.com\/jackyzengl\/EIIR.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2026.06.001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0021","series-title":"Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","first-page":"9821","article-title":"Hierarchical intention tracking for robust human\u2013robot collaboration in industrial assembly tasks","volume":"2023","author":"Huang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2025.01.009","article-title":"Human\u2013robot collaborative disassembly in industry 5.0: a systematic literature review and future research agenda","volume":"79","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0023","unstructured":"M. Ahn et al., \u201cVADER: visual affordance detection and error recovery for multi robot human collaboration,\u201d 2024, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.16021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0024","unstructured":"C. Zhang et al., \u201cDon\u2019t yell at your robot: physical correction as the collaborative interface for language model powered robots,\u201d arXiv Prepr. arXiv2412.12602, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2024.1248646","article-title":"Socially adaptive cognitive architecture for human\u2013robot collaboration in industrial settings","volume":"11","author":"Freire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003515","article-title":"Disassembly sequence planning: a survey","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13040663","article-title":"Disassembly sequence planning for intelligent manufacturing using social engineering optimizer","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81799-2_3","article-title":"Product representation for disassembly sequence planning","author":"Laili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Springer Ser. Adv. Manuf."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2024.2416560","article-title":"AND\/OR graph generation for disassembly analysis: deeply-nested subassemblies represented by a hypergraph","volume":"63","author":"Iwase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.02.169","article-title":"CAD-based AND\/OR graph generation algorithms in (Dis)assembly sequence planning of complex products","volume":"106","author":"M\u00fcnker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. CIRP"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1868598","article-title":"Product disassembly sequence planning: state-of-the-art, challenges, opportunities and future directions","volume":"59","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/automation6010010","article-title":"Disassembly plan representation by hypergraph","volume":"6","author":"Verkuilen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Automation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Flamm, D. Merkle, P.F. Stadler, and P.F. Stadler, \u201cAssembly in directed hypergraphs subject areas : author for correspondence,\u201d 2026, doi: 10.1098\/rspa.2025.0331\/2814594\/rspa.2025.0331.pdf.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2025.0331"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0034","series-title":"ICAC 2023 - International Conference on Automation and Computing","article-title":"Ontology-based product modeling for disassembly sequence planning in remanufacturing","author":"Hu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103214","article-title":"3DprintMIND: an AI-agent system using large language models and dynamic manufacturing knowledge graphs for smart manufacturing","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0036","series-title":"Volume 4: 22nd International Conference on Design Education (DEC); 30th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC); 37th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","article-title":"Graph neural networks for interference matrix prediction in generative design for disassembly","author":"Varupala","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-023-00568-7","article-title":"A knowledge graph based disassembly sequence planning for end-of-life power battery","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. - Green Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s00773-026-01106-1","article-title":"Simultaneous generation of assembly paths and sequences for shipbuilding piping using modified RRT with UCB strategy","volume":"31","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.02.026","article-title":"ScienceDirect A new methodology to analyze the functional and physical architecture of existing products for an assembly oriented product family identification","volume":"70","author":"Stief","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. CIRP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.70090","article-title":"Optimization of selective disassembly sequence planning for waste electrical and electronic equipment using a hybrid dual-advantage reinforcement learning approach","volume":"42","author":"Chand","year":"2026","journal-title":"Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11082462","article-title":"Equipment disassembly and maintenance in an uncertain environment based on a peafowl optimization algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2024.102766","article-title":"Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing an ontology and rule-based method for human\u2013robot collaborative disassembly planning in smart remanufacturing","volume":"89","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103211","article-title":"Knowledge graph-driven process reasoning of human\u2013robot collaborative disassembly strategy for end-of-life products","volume":"99","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405418789975","article-title":"Disassembly sequence planning: recent developments and future trends","volume":"233","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.11.004","article-title":"A block-based genetic algorithm for disassembly sequence planning","volume":"96","author":"Tseng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/automation5030025","article-title":"Solving a stochastic multi-objective sequence dependence disassembly sequence planning problem with an innovative bees algorithm","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Automation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-17182-3","article-title":"Quantum annealing for CAD-based disassembly sequence optimization","author":"Azucena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102416","article-title":"Disassembly assessment from CAD-based collision evaluation for sequence planning","volume":"78","author":"Prioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2023.103992","article-title":"Reinforcement learning for disassembly sequence planning optimization","volume":"151","author":"Allagui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-11581-0","article-title":"Integrating X-reality and lean into end-of-life aircraft parts disassembly sequence planning: a critical review and research agenda","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4055901","article-title":"Optimization-based disassembly sequence planning under uncertainty for human\u2013robot collaboration","volume":"145","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2024.102909","article-title":"Empower dexterous robotic hand for human-centric smart manufacturing: a perception and skill learning perspective","volume":"93","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0053","unstructured":"Y. Ma, Z. Song, Y. Zhuang, J. Hao, and I. King, \u201cA survey on vision-language-action models for embodied AI,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.14093."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0054","unstructured":"M.J. Kim et al., \u201cOpenVLA: an open-source vision-language-action model,\u201d 024, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.09246."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0055","first-page":"1","article-title":"RT-2: vision-language-action models transfer web knowledge to robotic control","volume":"229","author":"Brohan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0056","unstructured":"H. Tan et al., \u201cRoboOS: a hierarchical embodied framework for cross-embodiment and multi-agent collaboration,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.03673."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-02-2025-0074","article-title":"Large language and vision-language models for robot: safety challenges, mitigation strategies and future directions","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ind. Robot Int. J. Robot. Res. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0058","unstructured":"E. Zhao et al., \u201cManipBench: benchmarking vision-language models for low-level robot manipulation,\u201d 2025, doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2505.09698."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103032","article-title":"Robotic system for automated disassembly of electronic waste: unscrewing","volume":"95","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103138","article-title":"Digital twin and AI-driven robotic embodied control system: a novel adaptive learning and decision optimization method","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0061","unstructured":"J. Kwok et al., \u201cRoboMonkey: scaling test-time sampling and verification for vision-language-action models,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.17811."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103152","article-title":"VTLG: a vision-tactile-language grasp generation method oriented towards task","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0063","unstructured":"M. Argus et al., \u201ccVLA: towards efficient camera-space VLAs,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2507.02190."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103030","article-title":"Large vision-language models enabled novel objects 6D pose estimation for human\u2013robot collaboration","volume":"95","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0065","unstructured":"J. Clark, S. Mirchandani, D. Sadigh, and S. Belkhale, \u201cAction-free reasoning for policy generalization,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.03729."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0066","unstructured":"A. Deshpande et al., \u201cGraspMolmo: generalizable task-oriented grasping via large-scale synthetic data generation,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.13441."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103110","article-title":"A review on deep learning for vision-based hand detection, hand segmentation and hand gesture recognition in human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"97","author":"Jalayer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Brohan et al., \u201cRT-1: robotics transformer for real-world control at scale,\u201d pp. 1\u201331, 2023, doi: 10.15607\/rss.2023.xix.025.","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2023.XIX.025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.J. Kim, C. Finn, and P. Liang, \u201cFine-tuning vision-language-action models: optimizing speed and success,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.19645.","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2025.XXI.017"},{"issue":"CoRL","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0070","first-page":"1","article-title":"VoxPoser: composable 3D value maps for robotic manipulation with language models","volume":"229","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0071","unstructured":"Octo Model Team et al., \u201cOcto: an open-source generalist robot policy,\u201d 2024, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.12213."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0072","unstructured":"K. Black et al., \u201c$\u03c0_0$: a vision-language-action flow model for general robot control,\u201d 2024, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.24164."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0073","unstructured":"P. Intelligence et al., \u201c$\u03c0_{0.5}$: a vision-language-action model with open-world generalization,\u201d 2025, doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.2504.16054."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0074","unstructured":"M.U. Din, W. Akram, L.S. Saoud, J. Rosell, and I. Hussain, \u201cVision language action Models in robotic manipulation: a systematic review,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2507.10672."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0075","unstructured":"A.Z. Ren et al., \u201cRobots that ask for help: uncertainty alignment for large language model planners,\u201d 2023, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.01928."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0076","unstructured":"C. Liu, S. Tian, S. Behdad, X. Liang, and M. Zheng, \u201cVision-language-action models for selective robotic disassembly: a case study on critical component extraction from desktops,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2512.04446."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103064","article-title":"Empowering natural human\u2013robot collaboration through multimodal language models and spatial intelligence: pathways and perspectives","volume":"97","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0078","first-page":"1","article-title":"ManiSkill: generalizable manipulation skill benchmark with large-scale demonstrations","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0079","unstructured":"R. Yang et al., \u201cEgoVLA: learning vision-language-action models from egocentric human videos,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2507.12440."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0080","series-title":"12th International Conference on Learning Representations ICLR 2024","first-page":"1","article-title":"the expressive power of low-rank adaptation","author":"Zeng","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0081","unstructured":"C. Gao et al., \u201cVLA-OS: structuring and dissecting planning representations and paradigms in vision-language-action models,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.17561."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0082","first-page":"54919","article-title":"Hi robot: open-ended instruction following with hierarchical vision-language-action models","volume":"267","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0083","unstructured":"B. Han, J. Kim, and J. Jang, \u201cA dual process VLA: efficient robotic manipulation leveraging VLM,\u201d 2024, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.15549."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0084","unstructured":"H. Chen et al., \u201cFast-in-slow: a dual-system foundation model unifying fast manipulation within slow reasoning,\u201d pp. 1\u201326, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.01953."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0085","unstructured":"Y. Li et al., \u201cHAMSTER: hierarchical action models for open-world robot manipulation,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.05485."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2024.09.010","article-title":"Robotic disassembly for end-of-life products focusing on task and motion planning: a comprehensive survey","volume":"77","author":"Asif","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Wang, Z. Zhou, J. Song, Y. Huang, Z. Shu, and L. Ma, \u201cVLATest: testing and evaluating vision-language-action models for robotic manipulation,\u201d 2025, doi: 10.1145\/3729343.","DOI":"10.1145\/3729343"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103079","article-title":"Coating defect detection in intelligent manufacturing: advances, challenges, and future trends","volume":"97","author":"Zi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10080553","article-title":"Robotic removal and collection of screws in collaborative disassembly of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.A. Patratskiy, A.K. Kovalev, and A.I. Panov, \u201cSpatial traces: enhancing VLA models with spatial-temporal understanding,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.09032.","DOI":"10.3103\/S1060992X25601654"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q. Sun et al., \u201cEmma-X: an embodied multimodal action model with grounded chain of thought and look-ahead spatial reasoning,\u201d vol. 1, pp. 14199\u201314214, 2025, doi: 10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.695.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.695"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0092","unstructured":"J. Fu et al., \u201cNovaPlan: zero-shot long-horizon manipulation via closed-loop video language planning,\u201d 2026, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2602.20119."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0093","unstructured":"T. Tang et al., \u201cTowards human-like manipulation through RL-augmented teleoperation and mixture-of-dexterous-experts VLA,\u201d 2026, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2603.08122."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0094","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics ICINCO 2024","first-page":"212","article-title":"Human\u2013robot cooperation in disassembly: a rapid review","volume":"2","author":"Jacob","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1578906","article-title":"Human\u2013robot collaboration in disassembly for sustainable manufacturing","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103154","article-title":"Human\u2013robot collaborative visual inspection with large language models","volume":"98","author":"Tasneem","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103184","article-title":"A novel paradigm of robotic machining towards embodied intelligent manufacturing: case study on paint defect repair","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0098","unstructured":"T. Yoneda, L. Sun, G. Yang, B. Stadie, and M. Walter, \u201cTo the noise and back: diffusion for shared autonomy,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2302.12244."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0099","unstructured":"F. Lin, R. Nai, Y. Hu, J. You, J. Zhao, and Y. Gao, \u201cOneTwoVLA: a unified vision-language-action model with adaptive reasoning,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.11917."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0100","unstructured":"W. Hunt, S.D. Ramchurn, and M.D. Soorati, \u201cA survey of language-based communication in robotics,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.04086."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2025.103113","article-title":"Transformation of industrial robotics with natural language models: recent progress and future prospects","volume":"97","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0102","article-title":"Safety standards for collaborative robots","author":"Chikrin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meas. Monit. Manag. Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13030832","article-title":"Recent advances and challenges in industrial robotics: a systematic review of technological trends and emerging applications","volume":"13","author":"Urrea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2025.3544909","article-title":"TinyVLA: toward fast, data-efficient vision-language-action models for robotic manipulation","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0105","unstructured":"Y. Zhong et al., \u201cA survey on vision-language-action models: an action tokenization perspective,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2507.01925."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0106","unstructured":"L.H.K. Wong, X. Kang, K. Bai, and J. Zhang, \u201cA survey of robotic navigation and manipulation with physics simulators in the era of embodied AI,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.01458."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2025.1606247","article-title":"Diffusion models for robotic manipulation: a survey","volume":"12","author":"Wolf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0108","unstructured":"J. Liu et al., \u201cHybridVLA: collaborative diffusion and autoregression in a unified vision-language-action model,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.10631."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0109","unstructured":"R. Shao et al., \u201cLarge VLM-based vision-language-action models for robotic manipulation: a survey,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.13073."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0110","unstructured":"Y. Yang, J. Sun, S. Kou, Y. Wang, and Z. Deng, \u201cLoHoVLA: a unified vision-language-action model for long-horizon embodied tasks,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.00411."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0111","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","first-page":"6680","article-title":"FLTRNN: faithful long-horizon task planning for robotics with large language models","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0112","unstructured":"J. Yu et al., \u201cForceVLA: enhancing VLA models with a force-aware MoE for contact-rich manipulation,\u201d pp. 1\u201320, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.22159."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0113","unstructured":"H. Tan et al., \u201cRoboOS-NeXT: a unified memory-based framework for lifelong, scalable, and robust multi-robot collaboration,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2510.26536."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0114","unstructured":"B. H\u00e4on, K. Stocking, I. Chuang, and C. Tomlin, \u201cMechanistic interpretability for steering vision-language-action models,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2509.00328."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0115","unstructured":"J. Perlo, A. Robey, F. Barez, L. Floridi, and J. M\u00f6kander, \u201cEmbodied AI: emerging risks and opportunities for policy action,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2509.00117."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0116","unstructured":"ISO, \u201cISO 10218-1 robotics - safety requirements part 1: industrial robots,\u201d 2025. Accessed: April 06, 2026. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/73933.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0117","unstructured":"S. Hu, Z. Liu, S. Liu, J. Cen, Z. Meng, and X. He, \u201cVLSA: vision-language-action models with plug-and-play safety constraint layer,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2512.11891."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0118","unstructured":"Y. Wu, A. Li, T. Hermans, F. Ramos, A. Bajcsy, and C. P\u2019erez-D\u2019Arpino, \u201cDo what you say: steering vision-language-action models via runtime reasoning-action alignment verification,\u201d 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2510.16281."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0119","first-page":"689","article-title":"Unpacking failure modes of generative policies: runtime monitoring of consistency and progress","volume":"270","author":"Agia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0120","unstructured":"Y. Tang, T. Wang, Y. Chen, B. Zhang, Q. Guan, and R. Tang, \u201cShifting uncertainty to critical moments: towards reliable uncertainty quantification for VLA model,\u201d pp. 1\u201317, 2026, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2603.18342."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0121","unstructured":"J. Li, X. Shi, H. Xie, M. Shang, and Y. Lu, \u201cSmoothVLA: aligning vision-language-action models with physical constraints via intrinsic smoothness optimization,\u201d 2026, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2603.13925."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0122","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Text2Interaction: establishing safe and preferable human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"270","author":"Thumm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162467","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3609980","article-title":"Vision-language-action models for robotics: a review towards real-world applications","volume":"13","author":"Kawaharazuka","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0124","unstructured":"J. Lee et al., \u201cHierarchical reinforcement learning with AI planning models,\u201d 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0125","first-page":"19561","article-title":"Reinforcement learning with action-free pre-training from videos","volume":"162","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0126","unstructured":"T. Chen et al., \u201cRoboTwin 2.0: a scalable data generator and benchmark with strong domain randomization for robust bimanual robotic manipulation,\u201d no. 1, pp. 1\u201324, 2025, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.18088."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.145459","article-title":"A review of disassembly systems for circular product design","volume":"506","author":"Formentini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736584526001821?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736584526001821?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T20:12:34Z","timestamp":1781813554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0736584526001821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["S0736584526001821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond rigid automation: A review of vision-language-action models for adaptive human\u2013robot disassembly","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcim.2026.103360","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103360"}}