{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T07:36:02Z","timestamp":1776152162759,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031589","name":"Ouranos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:28:29Z","timestamp":1761672509000},"page":"111835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Non-stationary stochastic modelling of precipitation extremes in the changing climate"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"266","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8708-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rituraj","family":"Bhadra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5083-2599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh D.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b1","article-title":"Resilient buildings and core public infrastructure: An assessment of the impact of climate change on climatic design data in Canada","author":"Cannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Clim Chang Can: Gatineau, QC Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b2","article-title":"Non-stationarity analysis of flood extremes under climate change and human activities in the Yuan River Basin, China","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hydrol: Reg Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b3","article-title":"Modeling non-stationarity in extreme rainfall data and implications for climate adaptation: A case study from southern highlands region of Tanzania","volume":"25","author":"Kyojo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110647","article-title":"Risk analysis of weather-related railroad accidents in the united states","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b5","article-title":"Extreme rainfall induced risk mapping for metro transit systems: Shanghai metro network as a case","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110333","article-title":"Probabilistic assessment of climate-related impacts and risks in ports","volume":"251","author":"Lucio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111404","article-title":"Designing for dangerous waves\u2013a new \u2018adaptive screening\u2019method to predict extreme values of non-linear marine and coastal structure responses to waves","author":"van Essen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b8","article-title":"Flood disaster chain deduction based on cascading failures in urban critical infrastructure","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b9","volume":"vol. 208","author":"Coles","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/env.2252","article-title":"Stationary and nonstationary generalized extreme value modelling of extreme precipitation over a mountainous area under climate change","volume":"25","author":"Panagoulia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108935","article-title":"Simplified models for uncertainty quantification of extreme events using Monte Carlo technique","volume":"230","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108442","article-title":"An extreme value prediction method based on clustering algorithm","volume":"222","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125932","article-title":"Extreme value analysis dilemma for climate change impact assessment on global flood and extreme precipitation","volume":"593","author":"Tabari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b14","article-title":"Representing external hazard initiating events using a Bayesian approach and a generalized extreme value model","volume":"193","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b15","article-title":"Modelling climate change-induced nonstationarity in rainfall extremes: A comprehensive approach for hydrological analysis","volume":"208","author":"Goel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2016.10.022","article-title":"A decision model for intergenerational life-cycle risk assessment of civil infrastructure exposed to hurricanes under climate change","volume":"159","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1254-5","article-title":"Non-stationary extreme value analysis in a changing climate","volume":"127","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Robust local likelihood estimation for non-stationary flood frequency analysis","author":"Grego","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Biological Environ Stat"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-017-1724-4","article-title":"Non stationary analysis of extreme events","volume":"31","author":"Cancelliere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2023.102348","article-title":"Stochastic modelling of non-stationary environmental loads for reliability analysis under the changing climate","volume":"103","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-3461-2016","article-title":"The scenario model intercomparison project (scenariomip) for CMIP6","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci Model Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6687(02)00152-X","article-title":"A cox process with log-normal intensity","volume":"31","author":"Basu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Insurance Math Econom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b23","series-title":"Hawkes processes","author":"Laub","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2307\/3212108","article-title":"Negative binomial processes","volume":"6","author":"Barndorff-Nielsen","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Appl Probab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2014.01.019","article-title":"Precision of power-law NHPP estimates for multiple systems with known failure rate scaling","volume":"126","author":"Van Dyck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2014.10.005","article-title":"Unobserved heterogeneity in the power law nonhomogeneous Poisson process","volume":"134","author":"Asfaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b27","first-page":"1858","article-title":"Non homogeneous poisson process modelling of seasonal extreme rainfall events in tanzania","volume":"5","author":"Ngailo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res (IJSR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b28","series-title":"Canadian society of civil engineering annual conference","first-page":"1133","article-title":"A Non-stationary Stochastic Model of Extreme Rain Events in the Changing Climate","author":"Bhadra","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2006.05.002","article-title":"Practical extensions to NHPP application in repairable system reliability analysis","volume":"92","author":"Krivtsov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-005-9020-7","article-title":"Forest fires and climate change in the 21 st century","volume":"11","author":"Flannigan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Chang"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2018-0293","article-title":"Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century","volume":"49","author":"Hanes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Forest Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5581","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3918.1","article-title":"Projection and analysis of extreme wave climate","volume":"19","author":"Caires","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clim"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2010.2090363","article-title":"A reliability model for distribution systems incorporating seasonal variations in severe weather","volume":"26","author":"Alvehag","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-014-0953-9","article-title":"Modeling and projecting the occurrence of bivariate extreme heat events using a non-homogeneous common Poisson shock process","volume":"29","author":"Abaurrea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10651-016-0345-z","article-title":"Use of non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) in presence of change-points to analyze drought periods: a case study in Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Achcar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Ecol Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2020.105190","article-title":"Analysis of agricultural and hydrological drought periods by using non-homogeneous Poisson models: linear intensity function","volume":"198","author":"Ellahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118726","article-title":"The economics impacts of long-run droughts: Challenges, gaps, and way forward","volume":"344","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107092","article-title":"Higher-order analysis of probabilistic long-term loss under nonstationary hazards","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2022.2064978","article-title":"Spatiotemporal nonhomogeneous poisson model with a seasonal component applied to the analysis of extreme rainfall","volume":"50","author":"Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10182-020-00373-6","article-title":"A non-homogeneous poisson process geostatistical model with spatial deformation","volume":"104","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"AStA Adv Stat Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2010.12.012","article-title":"Stochastic analysis of shock process and modeling of condition-based maintenance","volume":"96","author":"van der Weide","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0951-8320(97)00010-0","article-title":"The role of NHPP models in the practical analysis of maintenance failure data","volume":"56","author":"Coetzee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b43","series-title":"Climate data for a resilient Canada","author":"ClimateData.ca","year":"2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EF002963","article-title":"Quantifying the uncertainty sources of future climate projections and narrowing uncertainties with bias correction techniques","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095161","article-title":"CMIP6 MultiModel evaluation of present-day heatwave attributes","volume":"48","author":"Hirsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2015.06.010","article-title":"Non-stationary extreme value models to account for trends and shifts in the extreme wave climate due to climate change","volume":"52","author":"Vanem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Ocean Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b47","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd European safety and reliability conference","first-page":"2099","article-title":"Return periods of extreme events in the changing climate: LEYP model","author":"Pandey","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000820","article-title":"Revisiting the concepts of return period and risk for nonstationary hydrologic extreme events","volume":"19","author":"Salas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hydrol Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b49","series-title":"Proceedings., annual reliability and maintainability symposium","first-page":"257","article-title":"Fitting the log-linear rate to Poisson processes","author":"Vallarino","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835_b50","series-title":"\u201dStatistical methods for the reliability of repairable systems\u201d","author":"\u201dRigdon","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095183202501035X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095183202501035X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T16:50:24Z","timestamp":1766076624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095183202501035X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S095183202501035X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-stationary stochastic modelling of precipitation extremes in the changing climate","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111835","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111835"}}